Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius

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Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius The Five Good Emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius

The Roman Empire

Principal Roman Emperors

The Setting… When we last left our emperors, the overall-good Flavian Dynasty had come to an end… Domitian lay murdered by his own court officials Which family would rule Rome next?

The Five Good Emperors Sometimes called the “adoptive emperors.” Each one picked his own successor by adoption to ensure a smooth transition of government upon his death If we could time-travel, this period would be an excellent time to see the Roman Empire at its peak: AD 96-AD 180

Nerva Ruled from AD 96-98 65 years old when he became emperor First emperor chosen by the Senate Supporter of the Flavians Stopped executions of senators and treason trials Returned property that Domitian had confiscated

Nerva Passed many tax reliefs for poor Romans Forced to choose an heir in AD 97 Chose Trajan as heir Died of natural causes (stroke) in AD 98 after 15 months in office Was deified (made a god)

Trajan Ruled from AD 98-117 Born in Spain Became emperor at the age of 44 Famous military campaign: conquered Dacia (modern Romania) in AD 106 The Roman Empire was at its greatest size during his reign

Trajan Famous for many architectural works: Trajan’s Column, Trajan’s Forum, and others Started a welfare program for poor children: alimenta Died of illness when returning to Rome from war against Parthia

Hadrian Ruled from AD 117-138 Born in Spain His father was a cousin of Trajan Hadrian loved army life He traveled to almost every province of the Roman Empire during his reign He loved Greece and Greek ideas

Hadrian He loved architecture! Remembered for building Hadrian’s Wall in Britain; rebuilding the Pantheon in Rome; and starting construction of Hadrian’s Mausoleum (the modern Castel Sant’Angelo) Died at Baiae, Italy, aged 62

Antoninus Pius Ruled from AD 138-161 Governed from Rome “Pius”: convinced Senate to deify Hadrian Ruled well and justly No major military conflicts

Antoninus Pius Married Anna Galeria Faustina Very happy marriage 4 children; one daughter outlived the parents Faustina did much charity work Puellae Faustinianae: “Faustina’s Girls”---paid for education of poor girls

Antoninus Pius Faustina died in AD 141 Antoninus Pius grieved her death Had her deified Built a temple to her in the Forum After his death in 161, the temple was rededicated to them both

Marcus Aurelius Ruled from AD 161-180 Co-ruled with Lucius Verus from AD 161-169 (Verus’ death) Early education was overseen by Hadrian He and Lucius Verus were adopted by Antoninus Pius as as part of Hadrian’s adoption agreement with Pius

Marcus Aurelius Fought wars with Parthia and Germany Was a Stoic philosopher Stoics believed in moderation in everything Be content with what you have Popular philosophy with upper-class Romans Marcus Aurelius wrote the “Meditations,” a book about Stoicism

Marcus Aurelius He married Faustina the Younger (daughter of Antoninus Pius and Faustina) 30-year marriage 13 children! Only 5 outlived him.

Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina (147–after 165) Gemellus Lucillae (died around 150), twin brother of Lucilla Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (148/50–182), twin sister of Gemellus, married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus Titus Aelius Antoninus (born after 150, died before 7 March 161) Titus Aelius Aurelius (born after 150, died before 7 March 161) Hadrianus (152–157) Domitia Faustina (born after 150, died before 7 March 161) Annia Aurelia Fadilla (159–after 211) Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (160–after 211) Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), twin brother of Commodus Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161–192), twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162–169) Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170–died before 217)

Marcus Aurelius Died in Vienna, Austria, March 17, AD 180 Was succeeded by his son Commodus, who had been co-ruler since AD 177 Was deified after his death

Quotes from “Meditations” A man should be upright, not be kept upright. Accept the things to which fate binds you, and love the people with whom fate brings you together, but do so with all your heart. If it is not right do not do it; if it is not true do not say it.

Quotes from “Meditations” Waste no more time arguing about what a good man should be. Be one. When you arise in the morning, think of what a precious privilege it is to be alive - to breathe, to think, to enjoy, to love. You have power over your mind - not outside events. Realize this, and you will find strength.