un-Hoover-able and Hoover-able Dr. D's Guide to un-Hoover-able and Hoover-able echinoderms Marine Science UH Hilo

Contributors: Marta deMaintenon (compiler) Matt Barton Nancy Chaney John Coney Jon Bjornen Phil Lo Cicero

Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816) This is the commonest local sea star you’ll never see. They vary in color and get to about 18 cm across although they’re typically much smaller. They are nocturnal and more or less omnivorous, so if you have one in an aquarium you’ll never see it. Photo by Phil Lo Cicero ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA ASTEROPSEIDAE

Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) This is the scourge of local reefs, a large corallivorous sea star that can in some places occur in vast numbers. The spines are toxic. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA ACANTHASTERIDAE

Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 These stars have long, cylindrical arms and are commonly regrowing one or more of them. They commonly reproduce asexually that way. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE

Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) Spotted Linckia have red or maroon spots. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE

Culcita novaeguineae (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Cushion stars are also corallivores, ~25 cm across. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA OREASTERIDAE

Pentaceraster cumingi (Gray, 1840) This is a large deep water star, up to 30cm diameter. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA OREASTERIDAE

Ophiocoma erinaceus Müller &Troschel, 1842 This is our common local basic black brittle star, size to about 10 cm arm length. By night they are paler and banded as shown here. Brittle stars ‘see’ using exoskeletal prisms in their arms and light sensitive nerves. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE

Ophionereis porrecta Lyman, 1861 This species has incredibly long, thin arms, and a disc about 2 cm wide. Their brown pattern helps them blend in to the bottom well. Photo by Phil Lo Cicero ECHINODERMATA OPHIUROIDEA OPHIONEREIDIDAE

Brittle star sp. This little brittle star from Onekahakaha has been isolated in a water drop so it would stay in one place; it’s central disk is about 2mm wide. This species is very common in nearshore habitats. ECHINODERMATA OPHIUROIDEA

Brittle star sp. Another very active brittle star in a water drop; it’s central disk is about 2.5 mm wide. Found at Laupahoehoe. ECHINODERMATA OPHIUROIDEA

Brittle star sp. This white brittle star has short arms and is rather slow-moving; it’s central disk is about 2mm wide. Also from Laupahoehoe. ECHINODERMATA OPHIUROIDEA

Brittle star sp. This brittle star was smaller than the rest, with a central disk about 1 mm wide. Found at Laupahoehoe. ECHINODERMATA OPHIUROIDEA

Chondrocidaris gigantea A. Agassiz, 1863 This is a large cidaroid (primitive) urchin with rough spines Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA CIDARIDAE

Eucidaris metularia (Lamarck, 1816) This is a smaller cidaroid, common under nearshore rocks. The spines in this species are longitudinally grooved/ beaded and banded, and the test is up to 2 or 3 cm in diameter. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA CIDARIDAE

Diadema paucispinum (Agassiz, 1863) Diadematids are hollow-spined urchins, and the secondary spines are toxic. This is the long-spined (or few-spined) urchin. They can be recognized by the black primary spines several times the test diameter. They are typically found on vertical walls, usually in deeper water. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA DIADEMATIDAE

Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774) This is the banded urchin. They can be recognized by the green secondary spines in young animals. Primary spines are banded, and may be more white or more dark. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA DIADEMATIDAE

Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) This is the blue-black urchin, which is typically striped locally or as juveniles. They can be recognized by the banded secondary spines and bluish sheen. Their primary spines are also often a bit thicker. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA DIADEMATIDAE

Colobocentrotus atratus (Linneaus, 1758) This species is typically found in the splash zone, where it’s flat shape and spines help to keep surf from dislodging or damaging it. They can cling very strongly with their tube feet. Size to about 7.5 cm wide. Photo by Phil Lo Cicero ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE

Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1826) This is the most common local urchin species. They are up to ~5cm in diameter and either greenish or reddish. The spines are solid and harmless, as long as you don’t step on them. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE

Juvenile (?) Echinometra This little urchin is about 3 mm across (test diameter). The bases of the spines are greenish and slightly irridescent. ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE

Echinostrephus aciculatus A. Agassiz, 1863 This is a finer-spined urchin, with long reddish spines just on top. They only come out of their holes by night. Photos by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE

Heterocentrotus mammillatus (Linnaeus, 1758) The red pencil urchin. The color in these comes from pigments in the tissues over the spines. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE

Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) The collector urchin. Unlike other species in the genus, this species doesn’t usually collect much. It’s large bodied, with few short black or white spines, and dense fields of pedicellaria between. Photo by John Coney ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA TOXOPNEUSTIDAE

Urchin sp. This urchin was about 1.5 mm long ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA

Echinoneus cyclostomus (Leske, 1778) This is a widely distributed but rarely seen irregular urchin. It lacks the typical petaloid pattern of these urchins and has 5 double rows of red tube feet more similar to regular urchins. The spines are fine and white and the size is to about 2.5cm. ECHINODERMATA ECHINOIDEA ECHINONEIDAE

Actinopyga mauritiana (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) This is a large cuke common in nearshore rocky habitats, where it is typically found stuck to rocks. Tan with white spots and smooth, size to ~20cm Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Actinopyga obesa (Selenka, 1867) This is a large cuke common on hard bottoms to ~30m, where it is typically found stuck to rocks. Tan and smooth, size to ~30cm. This species has yellow anal teeth, if you happen to get that close. Photos by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Bohadschia paradoxa (Selenka, 1867) This is a large cuke common on sand bottoms to 15m or more. Tan with dark papillae, size to ~50cm. It sometimes buries itself or covers itself with sand. Photos by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Holothuria atra (Selenka, 1867) This is a large cuke common on sand and rubble bottoms to 33m or more. Long and black with small papillae, and covered with sand, size to ~50cm. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Holothuria whitmaei Bell, 1887 This is a large, hard-bodied cuke common on rocky to sandy bottoms. Black with a coating of sand, and lumps around the base, size to about 30 cm. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Holothuria cinerascens Brandt, 1835 This is a small intertidal cuke common under rocky overhangs. Brown or grey with black/ yellow feeding tentacles. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Holothuria difficilis (Semper, 1868) This is a small shallow water cuke common under rocks. Dark brown or black with short papillae. Cuvierian tubules produced by this species are very fine and thin… and numerous. Photo by Phil Lo Cicero Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Holothuria hilla Lesson, 1830 This is a small nearshore cuke common under rocks. Tan with white spots and papillae, to about 30 cm. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Holothuria impatiens (Forsskål, 1775) This is a small nearshore cuke common under rocks. They tend to be a bit darker and banded toward the anterior end. Size to about 20 cm. Photo by Phil Lo Cicero Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Holothuria sp. Black-spotted cucumber. This is found in deeper water, where it is typically found stuck to rocks. Brown with black dots ringed in white and smooth, size to ~35cm. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Holothuriidae

Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867 This species has roughly four rows of lumps along the body and is mottled brown in color. To about 25 cm long. Photo by Phil Lo Cicero Echinodermata Holothuroidea Stichopodidae

Stichopus sp. Stichopodids are poorly known, lumpy cukes. They tend to auto-eviscerate rather than spewing tubules when threatened. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Stichopodidae

Stichopus sp. This one (and the previous) is called the Hawaiian Spiky sea cucumber, and it gets to ~50 cm long. Found on reef and rubble bottoms from about 16m to 60m or more. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Stichopodidae

Stichopus sp. This one has dots. Echinodermata Holothuroidea Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Stichopodidae

Unknown cucumber sp. 1 These very small yellow (~2 cm) cukes are common locally attached under rocks. Two tube feet and several feeding tentacles are visible Echinodermata Holothuroidea

Polyplectana kefersteini (Selenka, 1867) Synaptids are long, narrow, thin-skinned cukes with no tube feet, but spicules in the skin that they use to cling to substrates. They are light sensitive and quite fragile. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Synaptidae

Euapta godeffroyi (Semper, 1868) This is a rather colorful synaptid that can grow up to over 1m in length. Photo by John Coney Echinodermata Holothuroidea Synaptidae