 Preventing pregnancy  50% of pregnancies in US aren’t intended  Only 1 method works all the time = Abstinence  Not having vaginal, anal, or oral sex at any time  Other methods can be very effective  Many methods do not protect against STDs

 Barrier Methods: physical block between partners  Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): placed in uterus  Hormonal Methods: including the pill  Surgical Options: such as sterilization  Other: requires awareness of your body

 Male Condom:  worn by the male  85-98% effective  One use, only use with suggested lubrications  Some protection against STDs  Female Condom:  Worn by female  70-95% effective  Some protection against STDs

 Placed in vagina to block sperm from entering cervix  84-94% effective  Use with spermicide  Need fitting by doctor  Not effective against STDs

 Small, T- shaped  5-10 years of protective, depending on type  99% effective  No STD protection

 Many, many types (92-99% effective)  “The Pill”  estrogen & progestrin,  Mini Pill  progestin only  Patch  new patch every 4 weeks  NuvaRing  new ring every 4 weeks  Depo-Provera  shot every 3 months (97- 99%)  Morning After Pill  ONLY used in an emergency! Use up to 72hours after unprotected sex (75-89% effective)

 Sterilization: permanent  Tubal Ligation: in female ▪ “Tying tubes”  fallopian tubes are tied/closed ▪ Can fail over time as tubes might refuse ▪ Invasive, harder to reverse, expensive  Vasectomy: in males ▪ Cut vas deferens, and clamp them shut ▪ Less invasive, reversible, cheaper

 Abstinence  Non-surgical sterilization (Essure Permanent Birth Control System)  Cause scarring in fallopian tubes & permanent  Natural Family Planning  Requires you to understand your cycle  75-99% effective  Need to track your fertile period & avoid sex during this time  Spermicides: gels, foam, tablets etc that kill sperm  placed in vagina prior to sex & left for hours afterwards  71-82% effective

Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Can cause: Life-long problems Blindness Bone deformities Mental retardation Death for infants whose mothers are infected Infertility Ectopic pregnancies Cancer of the uterus

 Approximately 19 million new infections/year!  Almost ½ are people between ages 15-24!

 Symptoms: many do not have any!  BUT they can still be spread!  STDs seem to cause more severe problems for women!  Many aren’t curable!

 HIV/AIDS  Chlamydia  Trichomoniasis  Genital Herpes  HPV  Gonorrhea  Syphilis  Hepatitis B

 Herpes:  Viral STD  Two types: HSV1 (cold sores), HSV2 (genital sores)  Possible to transmit mouth  genitals  mouth  Treatable, NOT curable!  Can be spread all the time (even when no symptoms, or if you don’t know you have it!)

 Most common STD  ¼ of all women are infected at any one time  Considered incurable, but treatable  Symptoms: usually none!, genital warts, cervical changes,  Known as “cervical cancer virus”  but many types of HPV, not all are linked to cancer  HPV vaccine protects you against the 4 most common types

 MOST common STD in young women  (7 million cases a year)  Caused by a parasite  Often mistaken as a yeast infection  Symptoms:  Vaginal discharge, vaginal odor, irritation, itching, painful intercourse  Men can get it, but usually don’t have symptoms or very mild ones  Curable, treated with drugs