Slide 1 - Evolution Change in species over.

Slide 2 People used to believe: Species are designed by a divine creator (aka God). Are fixed/unchanging. In other words, species have not changed over the years. False belief Earth is only 6000 years old. Earth is actually 4.5 Billion Years Old.

Slide 3 Charles Darwin came up with the theory of evolution! He Lived in the 1800s..

Slide 4 - Darwin’s Voyage 1831 at age 22 Darwin took a job as a naturalist (Person who studies nature such as plants and animals) on the English ship HMS Beagle.

Slide 5 - Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle He started his trip in England and sailed all over the world.

Slide 6 - Galapagos Islands He is known for his stop in the Galapagos Islands. He studied each Island in the chain and found species were very similar, but unique compared to species in South America, which is only 500 miles away.

Slide 7 - Galapagos Tortoise Bigger than tortoises on South America. More food in the Islands compared to the mainland.

Slide 8 - Galapagos Iguana Island Iguanas have claws Mainland Iguanas don’t have claws. Claws allow iguanas to grasp onto rocks in the ocean. Mainland iguanas eat on land.

Slide 9 - Galapagos Finches

Slide 10 – Species Organisms of the same species have: Similar traits + Can mate and produce fertile offspring. Horse + Donkey = Mule Mule cannot reproduce Thus, Horse and Donkey a separate species even though they can have offspring.

Slide 11 Natural Selection What causes evolution! Giraffes eat tree leaves. If short giraffes can’t reach the leaves, they will starve and die. Only tall giraffes will survive to reproduce. Since they have tall genes, their offspring will be tall too. This is what drives populations to change, “Survival of the Fittest!

Slide 12 Before the Industrial Revolution Birds eat Peppered moths. Before industrial revolution trees were had light bark. Dark moths stood out and were eaten by birds. Light moths population increase! Dark moths population decreased!

Slide 13 After the Industrial Revolution Soot and ash from industry covered trees. Tree bark became darker. Dark moths no longer stood out, but white moths did! Light moths population decreased! Dark moths population increased!

Slide 14 - Evidence of Evolution  Fossils  Adaptations  Anatomy  Embryology  Biochemistry

Slide 15 - Fossils Showed that whale ancestors once lived on land.

Slide 16 - Adaptations Any variation that aids an organisms chances for survival. Structural Physiological Evolves very SLOWLY Evolves RAPIDLY

Slide 17 - Structural Adaptations  Mimicry  Camouflage

Slide 18 - Mimicry Mimic = to copy someone When one species resembles another species.

Slide 19 - Camouflage Matching in color with surroundings!

Slide 20 - Anatomy  Homologous Structures  Analogous Structures  Vestigial Structures

Slide 21 - Homologous Structures Homo = Same Same structures between species. Come from common ancestor!

Slide 22 - Analogous Structures Similar in function but not from common ancestor (e.g. Do bugs’ wings have bones like birds? No).

Slide 23 Homology Versus Analogy

Slide 24 - Vestigial Structure A body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.

Slide 25 - Stop and Think! What’s a vestigial organ in humans?

Slide 26 Vestigial Structure Examples: Mole Rat Ostrich

Slide 27 - Embryo

Slide 28 - Embryology Embryos have same structure among different species.

Slide 29 - Can you tell which will become a chicken? Cat? Bat? Snake? Human? Possum?

Slide 30 - How about now?

Slide 31 - Now??

Slide 33 - Biochemistry Some organisms have similar DNA sequences.

Slide 34 - For Example: Versus Chimpanzee Gorilla

Slide 35 - For Example: Versus Chimpanzee Rose Bush

History of Earth

Slide 38 - Geologic Time Scale Sequence of events from Earth’s birth to present-day (now).  Four main eras: 1. Precambrian (Earth Born) – First life evolved 2. Paleozoic – Plants evolved. 3. Mesozoic – Dinosaurs evolved 4. Cenozoic (Present – day) – Humans evolved

Slide 39 - When Earth was born No life existed. SurfaceSo hot all of Earth was melted rock! AtmosphereNo O2 because no plants existed yet! Only gasses from outgassing (Volcanoes erupting). OceansNo liquid water. Too hot! Everything was Water vapor.

Slide 40 -Where did O2 come from? Photosynthesis from plants!

Slide 41 - Rocks Where fossils are found!

Slide 42 - Fossil Anything left from a living organism.

Slide 43 - Types of fossils Petrified Fossil Casts Imprint

Amber-Preserved Ice - Preserved

Slide 45 - Fast Fact! About 99% of species that have lived on Earth are extinct.

Slide 46 - How old are fossils? Relative Dating  Fossils found in layers closer to the surface are younger than the deeper layers. Radiometric Dating  Measuring how much of an element is still present in a fossil, using the half life.

Slide 47 - Half Life Amount of time it takes for a radioactive element to decrease by half.

Slide 48 - Paleontologist Person who studies fossils.  Size of Animal  How they moved  What they ate.  What climate they lived in.  When organisms lived.

Slide 49 - Plate Tectonics Crust floats on the mantle which is composed of molten (melted) rock. Crust is divided into plates! Constantly moving (1-10 cm/year)

Slide 50 - Pangaea “All Land” All continents were once joined together.

Slide 51 - Pangaea Separated Laurasia and Gondwana

Slide 52 - Earth Today As continents moved species became isolated and started to evolve differently.

Slide 53 - Stop and Think Someone find a fossil of a polar bear that lived a billion years ago in Hawaii. What was the latitude of Hawaii a billion years ago?

Slide 54 - Australia Since it is so isolated from any other land, it has very unique species.

Slide 55 - Fossil Record Ordered levels of fossils in rock. Indicates that organism have evolved in sequence.

Slide 81 - Example: Marsupials in Australia

Slide 82 - Reproductive Isolation

Slide 83 - Polyploid Abnormal Chromosomes E.g. Down Syndrome Reproductive Cell Gametes Zygote

Slide 84 - Rates of Speciation  Gradualism  Punctuated Equilibrium

Slide 85 - Gradualism: Species evolve gradually.

Slide 86 - Punctuated Equilibrium: Species evolve in quick bursts followed by stable periods!

Slide 87 - Patterns of Evolution Divergent Evolution Convergent Evolution

Slide 88 - Divergent Evolution: Evolution in which species diverge from an ancestor.

Slide 89 - Convergent Evolution: When organisms evolve similar traits but did not come from the same ancestor.