ITALIAN UNIFICATION Early Steps Toward Unification – Chapter 9: Section 1 (First Portion)

Connection to Last Unit  Many Italians were inspired by the ideals behind the French Revolution  Enlightenment to Romanticism to Nationalism  Italian states had some unity under Napoleon before the Congress of Vienna  Unity caused a few things  Then, Austria annexed some Italian states

People to know  Count Camillo Benso di Cavour  Giuseppe Mazzini  King Victor Emmanuel II  Napoleon III  Garibaldi  ______________

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Early Movements Toward Unification  Italian nationalism began to grow in the 1800’s because of a revival in Italy’s traditions  Movement became known as Risorgimento, “resurgence”  Could not support their cause openly, secret organizations formed  Carbonari: “Charcoal Burners”  One of its famous members was Giuseppe Mazzini Envisioned a united Italy  Devotes his life to this goal Creates the “Young Italy Movement”

More on Mazzini  He set up the Young Italy Movement; spread ideas of the risorgimento  “Neither Pope nor King”: People wanted a republic to rule Italy  Rebellions flared up in 1848 and 1849, overthrowing rule by Austria, but most were put out  Only the Kingdom of Sardinia remained independent

Sardinia  Much of the Italian states disagreed on how a united Italy would be run  King Victor Emmanuel II and his chief minister, Camillo Benso di Cavour, looked as though they would help unite Italy

Cavour in Sardinia  Cavour actually governed Sardinia  He took part in the revolutions of 1848, and edited a nationalist newspaper, il Risorgimento  He reorganized and strengthened the army, helped establish banks, factories, and railroads– Industrialized Sardinia  Also tried to reduce the power of the church  Also brought the Kingdom of Sardinia to prominence through the alliance with France and Great Britain in the Crimean War  Wanted a parliamentary system in Italy

Uniting Italy  Austria controls most of Northern Italy  Napoleon III and Cavour met secretly to strategize against Austria Austria would be provoked (by building Sardinias army) into declaring war on Sardinia and France would send troops to aid Sardinia Sardinia would receive Lombardy and Venetia while France would receive the French-speaking territories Nice and Savoy A problem occurred when it looked as though Prussia may join the fight on the side of Austria and France backed out, leaving only the territory of Lombardy to Sardinia and lost Tuscany, Modena, and Parma

Rebellion  Rebellions in the Italian states of Parma, Modena, and Tuscany.  These states held Plebiscites (direct vote) to Join Sardinia  Garibaldi, a liberal involved the Young Italy movement, created the Red Shirts to free the remaining Italian states—Marched from southern Italy to northern to capture Rome– “Expedition of the Thousand”  Cavour saw Garibaldi as a threat to Emmanuel’s rule and asked him to step down

Unification  Plebiscites are held and each Italian state is united under Emmanuel II  Only Venetia and the Papal States remained outside Italian rule  Papal states were protected by French Troops  Seven Weeks’ War- Italy annexes Venetia from Austria  Franco-Prussian War- French Troops are withdrawn from the Papal States allowing Italy to annex them and set up their capital in Rome

Map of Italian States

Events Leading to Unification 1. Small groups start arising led by people such as Mazzini and start spreading the idea of a Risorgimento 2. Sardinia, led by Cavour and Emmanuel II, rises as a state with the main interest of uniting Italy under one ruler 3. Garibaldi and his red shirts march from southern Italy to Rome uniting the Southern States of Italy. 4. Cavour made an alliance with Napoleon III to annex Lombardy 5. The Seven Weeks War occurs and allows Italy to finally annex Venetia 6. Plebiscites are held in each state and Italy is united under Emanuel II 7. Franco-Prussian War makes France remove its troops out of Rome and allows Italy to take Rome and set it as the capital