Chapter 32

First World: the United States and its allies. Second World: the Soviet Union and its allies. Third World: Non-aligned and neutral countries

 Latin America – a third world continent  Idea of the 1 st, 2 nd, & 3 rd originated during the Cold War… 1 st : Advanced economies & high development 2 nd : Industrialized communist nation 3 rd : Lack of industrialization/underdeveloped  Shared traits of Africa/Asia, but… Western social/political structures  Economic links to US and Europe  Again focused on exports – vulnerable to world demand Political, cultural, economic dependency cycle continued  Decolonization = economic freedom + cultural/political that matches  Becomes more industrial – leads to labor movement  Growing urban middle class begins to play a role  Latin American patterns  Economic expansion – conservative reaction to maintain political power  Economic crisis – chance to break patterns/expand social justice  More continuities than changes  Can’t replace old system w/ agreed upon new system Better education, social services, treatment of women, industry

Brazil and Argentina ruled by reformers w/ populist agenda  Even when Peron – Argentina –was expelled  power of movement still evident  Military forced to repress to maintain control  Military tried to gain prestige/nationalism in war for Falkland Islands Mexico and the PRI  Party of the Institutionalized Republic  economic growth paramount  Stability provided – controls politics – one-party system, but…  Political corruption and failure to improve social  Whatever happened to revolutionary ideals?  Zapatistas  Chiapas1994 Zapatistas revolt in Chiapas – frustrated Problem solved through repression/negotiation  NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)  Trade pact signed in 1992 that gradually eliminates most tariffs and other trade barriers on products and services passing between the United States, Canada, and Mexico NAFTA  Attempt to improve political situation  Trade increases, but…  Middle class gets rich and large income gap between middle class and poor  2000 PRI finally defeated national election by Vicente Fox – PAN party  Platform – end corruption, improve life for Mexican workers in US PRI out

What are possible solutions to improve economic and social conditions?  Mexico – one-party conservative rule  Venezuela/Costa Rica – reform minded democracies  Or…there’s always the Marxist option  Radical solutions as possibility  Continued problems that never improve  Revolutions go too far left, bring back military into control Bolivia – link of miners, labor, peasants  reforms  open elections  Marxist options  Bolivia  mix of radicalism and reaction

Guatemala: Reform and U.S. Intervention  Economic disparities– illiterate, poor health  Land distributed unequally – surprise, surprise  High mortality rate  Coffee, banana export  Labor coalition Juan José Arevalo elected, 1944 tries reforms  Income tax  Land reform  Intense nationalism  A lot of reforms, but did not drive out the Catholic church Colonel Jacobo Arbenz elected tries to go even further  Tries to nationalize transportation, hydroelectric system  Tries to appropriate unused land Problem – policies conflict with desires of United Fruit Company  Foreign owned company that has a lot to lose

 Oligarchy and United Fruit Company threatened Now Del Monte Corporation US/CIA sponsored military force takes over Help based on acceptance of Eastern European weapons Violence and instability Guerilla movement starts  More radical land reform  Reform ends  ***Key theme – Latin American won’t be allowed to changed w/out foreigners

Cuba differs from Guatemala American influence following Spanish rule  Large Spanish and African slave descendant population  Large middle class  Relatively high literacy/health care  Huge disparity between urban and rural  Cuban policies strongly linked to US interests  ¾ imports from US  Economy fluctuates based on global demand for sugar –Major export Fulgencio Batista,  military reformer, 1940, new constitution, 1952 on becomes dictator  Promises major changes – nationalization of natural resources  Marred by corruption Fidel Castro 1953, Lawyer who launches revolution but is arrested attempted revolution Exiled to Mexico – taught guerilla tactics by Ernesto “El Che ” Guevara  student, labor support, Both return to Cuba, gain support, take over isolated leader  1958, Batista out Turns Marxist-Leninist/Gains Soviet aid & protector  1961, U.S. breaks relations with Cuba, “Bay of Pigs”  1962, threat of nuclear war, attempted assassinations  Cuban Missile Crisis October 1963

Under Castro:  Foreign properties confiscated  Lands collectivized  Centralized socialist economy  Survived the 6os with USSR, or would have failed Sugar prices fluctuate, can’t afford oil El Che assassinated in Bolivia 1967 Continuity  Mexico, one-party system  Venezuela, Chile  Christian Democratic  Liberation Theology So…how do you reverse inequality and foreign domination? Mexico’s one party system – PRI  But…poor planning, corruption, foreign debt crippled efforts Chile/Venezuela – church/clergy take position for human rights  Liberation theology – social equality = personal salvation  Leads to attacks against clergy/nuns who want social change

Military intervenes in politics, 1960s  often U.S.-backed  Caudillo tradition, but… Now military thinks they’re above politicians Sacrifice democratic process for martial law Fear of Cuban success spreading  Brazil  Brazilian military + middle class take over elected government With help from US Fear that they would actually implement social reforms  Argentina military coup, 1966 – Argentina - Military intervenes over Peron  Chile - General Augusto Pinochet  Former commander of Chilean army brought up on crimes against humanity Seized power from leftist Salvador Allende in 1973 Brutal repression – thousands killed/tortured  Uruguay, 1973  Peru, 1968

 Unique variations  Argentina - land reform and pushed nationalism to take Falkland Islands  In Argentina, violent opposition to military rule led to a counteroffensive known as ʺ the dirty war ʺ  Chile/Uruguay – intensely anti-communistic Venezuela, Costa Rica  The New Democratic Trends  1980s military gradually turns power back to civilians Fear of Cuba communism goes away Populist parties not so scary End of cold war – US hesitant to sponsor dictators

 But still huge problems for governments Large foreign loans – some infrastructure, some stupid = huge debt International commerce in drugs  High rates of inflation Cold war pressures eased in mid-80s  Argentina  elections, 1983  Brazil  presidential elections, 1989  Peru  Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), 1990s leftist guerillas  El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala  truces between governments, rebels

 Conditions  workers hard-hit  continuing structural problems  repression, torture  Pattern of rule  Dictatorship  Political repression/torture to dissidents  Laws limited political freedom  Economic changes Income gap actually got worse  Property issues don’t change  Gains in literacy and health  Industrialization possible

American investors  Intervention  pre-1933, 30 times  Good Neighbor Policy, 1933  Franklin D. Roosevelt ʺ that promised to deal more fairly with Latin American countries and to halt direct military intervention?  Cold War  new involvement  more indirect involvement  Alliance for Progress, 1961  Jimmy Carter  civil liberties Ronald Reagan, George Bush  more direct intervention

By end of WWI, US unquestioned leader in L. America  Leading investors – 1/3 of all US foreign investments  Military intervention to protect US owned properties/investments 30 military interventions before 1930 United Fruit, other companies in Central America need protection Sometimes US contributed to assassination of leaders  Banana republics – puppet gov’ts controlled by US Conservative governments and dictatorships established in the aftermath of U.S. military intervention Brief change in 1930s w/ Good Neighbor Policy – Roosevelt But…communism/Cold War make it important again Support gov’ts that express anti-communistic dogma Belief that investment/economic improvement will prevent extremes Alliance for Progress – up to $10 billion for helping economics Increasing violence in 1980s, US supported conservative gov’ts  – invaded Panama, installed cooperative regime The arrest of its leader, Manuel Noriega

Slow Change in Women's Roles Voting rights not expanded until 1940s Always concern they would lean too far conservative Religion influenced conservatism Women’s place in the home Change brought about through feminist organizations, foreign pressure  Sometimes vote secured just to benefit party in power  However, right to vote doesn’t mean high political participation  Women did show some impact with labor unions  Also important w/ small scale commerce  1990s…female participation closer to West than rest of the world Intermediate position between industrialized and rest Health, education, place in the workforce

Mortality down, fertility up  The Movement of People Population has swelled due to high fertility, declining mortality Pre-1900, migration was to L. America 20th century migration goes away from L. America  Job opportunities – demand for unskilled labor US/Mexico set up formalized labor trade in WWII  Political freedom Willing to risk death in boats to immigrate  Some migration legal, some illegal Migration also between nations  Haiti > Dominican Republic  Colombians > Venezuela

 Most urbanized area of developing world  Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires all 13 million +  Rate too fast Jobs can’t keep up with pace Creation of shantytowns – favelas  Workers unable to unite Rural laborers not brought into factory jobs Labor organizations linked to gov’t

Popular culture  strong blend  Jorge Luis Borges Gabriel García Marquez  Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope Catholicism determines family, gender relations, business, social interaction Popular culture combination of African and Indian traditions Sama, Salsa, Tango – L. American contributions Literary/artistic themes revealed conditions of the poor – social criticism Some authors resorted to “magical realism” – fantastic stories