African Americans in the New Nation Chapter 5

Escaping to the North Thousands of African Americans won their own freedom by escaping to the North before the Civil War.

I. Forces for Freedom Economic change Evangelical Christianity Wage labor Evangelical Christianity Great Awakening Revolutionary ethos Natural rights doctrines African Americans sought freedom Escaped, purchased, sued, and petitioned for it

Northern Emancipation New England Slavery collapsed quickly African Americans refused to remain in bondage Most white people acquiesced Massachusetts African men who paid taxes could vote, 1783 Elizabeth Freeman See PROFILE

Northern Emancipation (cont.) Mid-Atlantic states New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania Investment in slaves greater than in New England Pennsylvania approved gradual emancipation, 1780 New York, 1799

The Abolition of Slavery in the North

“Cuffe near him ... grasps his hand.” This engraving originally appeared in Boston in 1793, with the caption, “Cuffe near him ... grasps his hand.” It suggests the progress African Americans had made in the North but also the contempt in which many white northerners held them. The object of the picture is to ridicule Massachusetts governor John Hancock for participating in a black celebration. Source: The Library Company of Philadelphia

Emancipation and Slavery in the Early Republic Map 5–1. Emancipation and Slavery in the Early Republic. This map indicates the abolition policies adopted by the states of the Northeast between 1777 and 1804, the antislavery impact of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, and the extent of slavery in the South during the early republic.

Slave Populations in the Mid-Atlantic States, 1790–1860

The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 Orderly sale of land Support for education Territorial government New states Banned slavery South of Ohio River open to slavery Set a precedent for excluding slaves from territory

Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South Anthony Benezet First antislavery society in the world, 1775 Similar societies Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Tennessee Never appeared in Deep South Generally cooperated in a loose framework, 1794-1832 Quaker dominated Gradual emancipation Upper South Small and short lived

Pepper-Pot, a Scene in the Philadelphia Market The title of this 1811 painting by German-American artist John Lewis Krimmel is Pepper-Pot, a Scene in the Philadelphia Market. Slavery still existed in Pennsylvania when Krimmel recorded this scene. It is likely, however, that the black woman who is selling pepper-pot (a type of stew) was free. Source: Philadelphia Museum of Art: Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Edward B. Leisenring, Jr. in honor of the 125th anniversary of the museum, 2001. Sumpter Priddy III, Inc.

Manumission and Self-Purchase Liberalized laws after the Revolution Most southern states Free individuals by deed or will Virginia repealed ban on private manumissions, 1782 Hundreds of slave holders in Upper South freed slaves Religious sentiment and natural rights principles Self-purchase agreements Masters make a profit Unprofitable investments Changing crops Old age To avoid immediate escape

The Emergence of a Free Black Class in the South Free black class grew in Upper South Manumissions, self-purchase, and freedom suits Maryland and Virginia had the largest population Deep South Much smaller group Generally the illegitimate children of slave holders Favorites Unable to work North Carolina made manumissions more difficult after 1777

II. Forces for Slavery North South Slavery was weak, little opposition to abolition South Slavery was strong and important to economy Thrived and expanded

The United States Constitution Slaveholder concessions To create a more powerful central government Clauses designed to maintain slavery in the South Continuing the Atlantic slave trade for twenty years Returning escaped slaves to masters Three-Fifths Compromise Enhanced representation for slaveholders Congress Electoral college Election of 1800

Cotton Increased cultivation Declining revolutionary fervor Britain Eli Whitney Declining revolutionary fervor Intensified white racism

The Louisiana Purchase and the Lower Mississippi Valley People of African descent a majority Two groups Creoles Craftsman and shopkeepers in New Orleans and port cities Plantation slaves Most directly from Africa Americans settle in lower Mississippi Valley Strict enforcement of slave codes Expansion of slave code

Distribution of the Southern Slave Population, 1800–1860 Figure 5–1. Distribution of the Southern Slave Population, 1800–1860. The demand for slaves in the cotton-growing deep South produced a major shift in the distribution of the slave population.

Conservative Racism Retreat from egalitarianism after 1790s Scientific racism justified racism American intellectuals challenged the Enlightenment theory Naturalization laws

III. Free Black Communities Dynamic communities North and Upper South Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, and Boston Established distinctive institutions To avoid inferior status in white-dominated organizations Preserve African heritage Mutual aid societies Christian moral character Generally restricted to men Black freemasons Prince Hall

Prince Hall This late-eighteenth-century portrait of Prince Hall (1735–1807) dressed as a gentleman places him among masonic symbols. A former slave, a skilled craftsman and entrepreneur, an abolitionist, and an advocate of black education, Hall is best remembered as the founder of the African Lodge of North America, popularly known as the Prince Hall Masons.

Origins of Independent Black Churches Biracial churches Never embraced African Americans as equals Subordinate churches Independent churches Philadelphia between 1780s and early 1800s St. George’s Methodist Church St. Thomas’s Episcopal Church African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church Richard Allen, see VOICES Absalom Jones Benjamin Rush

Philadelphia’s Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church This drawing portrays Philadelphia’s Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church as it appeared in 1829. It had been built in 1793 under the direction of Richard Allen, the first bishop of the AME denomination, and had been “rebuilt” in 1803. Source: The Library Company of Philadelphia

Raphaelle Peale Raphaelle Peale, the son of famous Philadelphia portraitist Charles Wilson Peale, completed this oil portrait of the Reverend Absalom Jones (1746–1818) in 1810. Reverend Jones is shown in his ecclesiastical robes holding a Bible in his hand.

The First Black Schools Early 1700s Slave and free children North and South Ran by white clergy After Revolution Black people established schools for black children Mutual aid societies and churches created and sustained Prince Hall Brown Fellowship Christopher McPherson Produced a growing class of literate African Americans

IV. Black Leaders and Choices Educated black elite provided leadership Richard Allen Absalom Jones See VOICES James Forten See PROFILE Prince Hall

Migration Prince Hall Paul Cuffe and colonization Petitioned Massachusetts legislature to support colony Paul Cuffe and colonization End the Atlantic slave trade Spread Christianity Refuge for free black people Make profits

Slave Uprisings Legacy of fear and hope Frightened white southerners Gabriel, 1800 American and French Revolution influenced Natural human rights Charles Deslondes, 1811 Frightened white southerners Raised hope for freedom among slaves

Toussaint Louverture Toussaint Louverture (1744–1803) led the black rebellion in the French colony of St. Domingue on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola that led to the creation of the independent black republic of Haiti in 1804. Louverture became an inspiration for black rebels in the United States. Source: Stock Montage, Inc./Historical Pictures Collection

The White Southern Response Legacy of slave uprisings Deepened reactions against egalitarianism Feared race war that emancipation would cause Southern states tightened control of black population Outlawed assemblies Placed curfew on slaves and free blacks Made manumissions more difficult Revived slave patrols Became suspicious of outsiders Forcing free black people out of southern states

V. The War of 1812 White prejudice and fear of black revolts Militia Act of 1792 Eliminated armed black participation in state militias Navy ended black service on warships, 1798 Southern states refused to enlist blacks in 1812 Concerned black men with guns would aid slave revolt “Black Brigade” Lake Erie, September 1813 Battle of New Orleans, January 1815

War of 1812 Map 5–2. War of 1812. As during the War for Independence, African Americans fought on both sides during the War of 1812. Some joined the British army that burned Washington, D.C. Others helped the United States win control of Lake Erie in 1813 and stop the British invasion of Louisiana at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815.

The Battle of Put-in Bay The Battle of Put-in Bay, fought on Lake Erie in September 1813, was a notable American victory during the War of 1812. This postcard suggests the prevalence of black sailors among American commander Oliver Hazard Perry’s crew.

VI. The Missouri Compromise Missouri applies for statehood, 1819 “A fire bell in the night” Compromise Henry Clay Missouri, Maine, and 36-30

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 Map 5–3. The Missouri Compromise of 1820. Under the Missouri Compromise, Missouri entered the Union as a slave state, Maine entered as a free state, and Congress banned slavery in the huge unorganized portion of the old Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ line of latitude.

African-American — National Events

African-American — National Events

African-American — National Events

African-American — National Events

VII. Conclusion Waning egalitarian commitment and rising racism Doomed earlier promises of freedom Free black communities grew Laid a foundation for Education Spiritual growth Economic development Forces for slavery grew stronger Permanent black bondage

Visualizing the Past - The Voyage of Slavery

Interpreting the Past – The Middle Passage