Rome and Review Study Guide March 28 th, 2014

Rome and Review Study Guide 1.Historical records such as documents and artifacts that come from the time being studied. -Examples: land deeds, written speeches, military orders, letters, and blueprints 2.Climate, Asia 3.Neolithic 4.Neolithic

5. Hunter-gatherers societies Invented first tools, weapons Nomadic (Migrated in search of food/water/shelter) Lived in Clans: small groups Developed oral language Created “ Cave Art ” – Use of Fire and Developed of Agriculture Domesticated Animals Uses of advance tools – Made Pottery – Developed weaving skills

6. Paleolithic 7. Animal Migration 8. Though migration, trade and warfare 9. They were great sailors who traded several goods including glass and lumber Phoenicians settled along the Mediterranean coast (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia).

10. Political Maps: maps that show human- made features, such as national boundaries, cities, and roads Physical Maps: maps that show natural features such as landforms, elevation, and bodies of water. 11. A group of people that settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia).

12. On the Italian peninsula near the Mediterranean Basin 13. The Alps and Mediterranean Sea 14. Portions of Asia, Africa and Europe 15. Greek Polytheistic Religion and from western civilizations though art, literature and Architecture 16. Though Natural phenomena, human qualities and life events

17. Zeus/Jupiter= Chief god, god of the sky and weather, Hera/Juno= goddess of Marriage, Apollo/Apollo=god of the sun, prophesy, music, Artemis/Diana= goddess of wild creatures and the hunt, Athena/Minerva= goddess of wisdom, Aphropite/Venus=goddess of love, beauty and fertility 18. Women, slaves, Patricians and Plebeians

19.Rich=Patricians Middle Class=Plebeians 20. Vote, Pay taxes and serve in the military 21.Assembly was the Plebeians Assembly, they voted in laws, elected the consuls and other government officials and the Senate was the Patricians Assembly, propose and approve laws, direct money and foreign policy create projects for construction.

22.They were senators who served one year terms who could veto each other out, ran the government and controlled the military 23.Established the idea that ALL free citizens patricians and plebeians had the right to protection of the law B.C, Carthage 25. Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade.

26.Hannibal 27. The destruction of Carthage Rome domination over the Western Med, Leading to the diffusion of Roman Culture, Expanded trade and wealth for Rome 28. Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenic world Eastern Med Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles) 29. Spread of slavery in the agricultural system, Migration of small farmers in the cities causing unemployment, Civil War over the power of Julius Caesar Devaluation of Roman currency: inflation

30. Crassus, Pompey and Caesar 31. Crossed the Rubicon, defeated Pompey and his forces and took control of Rome, A small group of Senators and because they thought he had too much power 32.Marc Antony married Cleopatra and Augustus Caesar believed that he was going to be replaced. 33.Imperial authority and Military

34.Two hundred years of peace and prosperity in Rome 35. Economic: Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade, Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads, Promoted prosperity and stability, Social: Returned stability to social classes Increased emphasis on the family, Political: Created a civil service, Developed a uniformed rule of law

36. Had its roots in Judaism Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed Messiah, Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of the Roman Empire

a.37. Monotheism b.Jesus was the son and incarnation of god c.Life after death d.New Testament contains accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as the writings of early Christians e.Christian doctrine established by early church councils

38. Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire Slowed as a result of persecution by Roman authorities, Adopted and legalized by Emperor Constantine 39. Christianity later became a source of moral authority, Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor, The Church became the main unifying force in Western Europe

40. Art and Architecture: Circus Maximus, Colosseum, Forum, Pantheon. Technology: Aqueducts, Roads, Roman Arches. Ptolemy beliefs that heavenly bodies revolved around the earth, Baths,Public Water System, and medical Schools, Emphasis on public health, Roman Art: They wanted to recreate what the person looked like in real life, Virgil ’ s Aeneid: Roman poets, modeled his masterpiece, the Aeneid (30-19 BC), on the ancient Greek epics the Iliad and the Odyssey, written by Homer, Languages: Latin and Romantic Language

41. Economic Causes, The cost of defense, Inflation: caused by devaluation of Roman currency, Political Problems, Civil conflict, Weak administrations, Divided empire, Military Causes, Germanic invasions, Army started to include invaders, (discipline declined) Social Causes, Moral decay, Self-serving upper class, People ’ s loss faith in Rome and family

42. Divided down the middle of the Mediterranean Sea