Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 CHAPTER 7 Wireless, Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Chapter Outline 7.1 Wireless Technologies 7.2 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access 7.3 Mobile Computing and Mobile commerce 7.4 Pervasive Computing 7.5 Wireless Security

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Learning Objectives Discuss the various types of wireless devices and wireless transmission media. Describe wireless networks according to their effective distance. Define mobile computing and mobile commerce. Discuss the major M-commerce applications. Define pervasive computing and describe two technologies that underlie this technology. Discuss the four major threats to wireless networks.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Chapter Opening Case P. 200

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Chapter Opening Case (continued) Disconnect? Manufacturers Retailers

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Technologies Wireless devices –Devices small enough to easily carry or wear, have sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks and can communicate wirelessly with the Internet. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) –The standard that enables wireless devices to access Web- based information and services. Microbrowser –Internet browser with a small file size that can work within the confines of the small screen sizes found on wireless devices and the relatively low bandwidths of wireless networks.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Browser vs. Early Microbrowser

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Deepfish Microbrowser As wireless devices become more powerful, they have browsers with more functionality, such as Deepfish from Microsoft Labs.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Apple iPhone with Safari browser The Apple iPhone is a wireless device (smart phone) that is powerful enough to run the full-function Apple Safari browser.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Capabilities of Wireless Devices Cellular telephony access Bluetooth Short message service Wi-Fi Instant messaging Digital camera Text messaging Global positioning system Organizer MP2 music player Scheduler Video player Address book Internet access Calculator QWERTY keyboard

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Examples of today’s wireless devices Blackberry Curve Treo 750

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued) Motorola Q Helio Ocean

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued) Nokia N95 HTC Touch Dual

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Examples of today’s wireless devices (continued) Samsung i620 Nokia E90

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Transmission Media - Microwave Microwave transmission systems –Are widely used for high-volume, long-distance, point-to- point communication. Point-to-point has two characteristics: –First, the transmitter and receiver must be in view of each other (called line-of-sight); and –Second, the transmission itself must be tightly directed from transmitter to receiver.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Transmission Media – Table 7.1 P 204

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Transmission Media - Satellite Transmission Systems Satellite Transmission Systems make use of communication satellites Three types of satellites, each in a different orbit: –Geostationary (GEO): Orbits 22,300 miles directly above the equator and maintains a relatively fixed position in relation to a dish on earth; excellent for TV signals. –Medium-earth-orbit (MEO): Are located 6,000 miles above the earth’s surface and move; used for the GPS system. –Low-earth-orbit (LEO): Are 400 to 700 miles above the surface, so they move much faster with respect to a point on the earth’s surface; require many to cover the earth.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Satellite Footprint Comparison

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Satellite Footprint Comparison – Table 7.2 Page 205

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Satellite Footprint Comparison Global Positioning System (GPS) –A wireless system that uses MEO satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on the earth. Internet Over Satellite (IOS) –Allows users to access the Internet via GEO satellites from a dish mounted on the side of their homes.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Global Star LEO Coverage Global Star is the leading provider of satellite phone service with its low-earth orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites. The image shows the company’s coverage of the earth.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT How the Global Positioning System Works GPS is supported by 24 MEO satellites that are shared worldwide.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Transmission Media - Radio Radio transmission uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers. Satellite Radio (digital radio) –offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality music that is beamed to your radio from space. XM satellite radio and Sirius have agreed to merge as of mid-2007.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Transmission Media - Infrared Infrared light is red light that is not commonly visible to human eyes; common uses are in remote control units for TVs, VCRs, DVDs, CD players. You can use the digital camera on your cell phone to see if your TV remote control is working. A test to see if your TV remote control is working.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access Short-range wireless networks –Generally have a range of 100 feet or less. Medium-range wireless networks –Are the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs). –The most common type of medium-range wireless network is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). Wide-area wireless networks –Connect users to each other and to the Internet over geographically dispersed distances.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access NETWORK TYPESUB-TYPEMAXIMUM TRANSMISSION SPEED MAXIMUM RANGE Short Range Networks Bluetooth2.1 Mbps (megabits per second) 10 Meter Ultra-wideband (UWB)100 Mbps60 Centimeters Near-Field Communication424 Kbps~20 Centimeters Medium Range Networks Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)300 Mbps600 Feet Wireless Mesh NetworksNode dependent Wide-Area Wireless Networks Cellular Radio384 Kbps – 2Mbps (3G)25 miles Wireless Broadband/ WiMax75 Mbps31 miles

Information Technology Foundations-BIT *Short Range Wireless Networks Bluetooth –Can link up to eight devices within a 30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 megabits per second. Ultra-wideband –High-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 megabits per second. Near-field Communications –shortest range of any wireless network; designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT FitSense: A Personal Area Network

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Short Range Wireless Networks- Bluetooth Can link up to eight devices within a 30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 megabits per second.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Short Range Wireless Networks- Ultra-Wideband (UWB) High-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 megabits per second. Ultra-wideband has many uses as you can see at the TimeDomain Web site. This article discusses the use of UWB in fire-fighting.article

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Short Range Wireless Networks- Near-Field Communications Shortest range of any wireless network; designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards. Near-field communications (NFC) is the enabling technology behind (a) contactless payments with credit cards and (b) the substitution of a cell phone for a credit card (the wave of the future).

Information Technology Foundations-BIT The Nokia 6131 phone This video shows the Nokia 6131 phone in action.video The Nokia 6131 NFC-enabled phone, which is used in the video

Information Technology Foundations-BIT *Medium Range Wireless Networks Medium-range wireless networks are the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs). The most common type of medium-range wireless network is Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) –Wireless access point a transmitter with an antenna –Hotspot A geographical perimeter with in which a wireless access point provides wireless access for users –Wireless network interface card

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Diagram of wireless hotspot The irregularity of the hotspot is a result of intervening buildings, trees, etc. Note the protrusions generally follow streets.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Diagram of wireless hotspot – 3D View Wi-Fi hotspots are three- dimensional and thus, roughly spherical, depending on buildings, trees, etc that weaken the signal. This image shows a schematic of a wireless hotspot at the Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco. It is a sphere with a radius of about 100 meters.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Medium Range Wireless Networks- Wireless Mesh Networks Wireless mesh networks use multiple Wi-Fi access points to create a wide-area network that can be very large. A series of interconnected local area networks.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Example of a mesh network A mesh network from Meraki and one node

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wide-Area Wireless Networks Cellular Radio: use radio waves to provide two-way communication –1st Generation: analog signals and low bandwidth. –2nd Generation: digital signals for voice and data communication up to 10 Kbps. –2.5 Generation: digital voice and data communication up to 144 Kbps. –3rd Generation: digital voice and data communication up to 384 Kbps when device is moving at walking pace; 128 Kbps when moving in car; and 2Mbps when device is stationary. Wireless Broadband or WiMax: access range up to 31 miles and data-transfer rate up to 75 Mbps.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wide-Area Wireless Networks- Cellular Radio Network

Information Technology Foundations-BIT University of Phoenix stadium (IT’s About Business 7.1) P. 212 The stadium uses a distributed antenna system, where relatively low-power antennas are place throughout the facility, rather than having a few high-powered antennas.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wi-Fi and Wi-Max in Rhode Island (IT’s About Business 7.2) P. 212

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce Mobile computing –Refers to real-time, wireless connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the Internet and an intranet. –Has two major characteristics that differentiate it from other forms of computing: Mobility –Users carry a mobile device and can initiate a real- time contact with other systems from wherever they happen to be. Broad reach –Users can be reached instantly when they carry an open mobile device.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Mobility And Broad Reach Create four value-added attributes that break the barriers of geography and time: –Ubiquity: mobile device can provide information and communications regardless of user’s location. –Convenience and Instant Connectivity: Internet-enabled mobile device makes it easy and fast to access the Web, intranets, and other mobile devices without booting up a PC or placing a call. –Personalization: information can be customized and sent to individual consumers (e.g., as a short message service). –Localization of products and services: knowing a user’s location helps companies advertise their products and services.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Mobile Commerce Electronic commerce transactions that are conducted in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet. The development of Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) is driven by the following factors: –Widespread availability of mobile devices –No need for a PC –The “Cell phone culture” –Declining prices –Bandwidth improvement

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Example of Mobile Commerce Speedpass is a keychain RFID device. When you buy your gas, you simply “wave” your Speedpass near the reader on the gas pump and your credit card is debited. Car key and the Speedpass

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Example of Mobile Commerce

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Mobile Commerce Applications Financial Services –Mobile Banking –Wireless Electronic Payment Systems –Micropayments –Mobile (Wireless) Wallets –Wireless Bill Payments Accessing Information –Mobile Portal –Voice Portal Location-Based Applications –Shopping from Wireless Devices –Location-based Advertising –Location-based Services

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Mobile Commerce Applications - Financial Services Mobile Banking: –Many banks now offer access to financial & account information, the ability to transfer funds, and receive alerts on digital cell phones, smart phones, and PDAs. Wireless Electronic Payment Systems: –These systems transfer mobile phones into secure, self-contained purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network. Micropayments: –Electronic payments for small purchase amounts (generally less than $10). Mobile (Wireless) Wallets: –Technologies that allow cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their mobile devices. Wireless Bill Payments: –Services provided by banking institutions that allow customers to pay their bills directly from their cell phones.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Mobile Commerce Applications - Intrabusiness Applications & Accessing Information Mobile Portal: –Aggregates and provides content and services for mobile users that include news, sports, , entertainment, travel and restaurant information; community services; and stock trading. Voice Portal: –Is a Web site with an audio interface and can also be accessed through a standard phone or cell phone.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Mobile Commerce Applications - Location-Based Applications Shopping from Wireless Devices –Online vendors allow customers to shop from wireless devices. Location-based Advertising –Marketers know the current locations and preferences of mobile users, they can send user-specific advertising messages to wireless devices about nearby shops, malls and restaurants. Location-based Services –Provide information to customers about local services and conditions via cell phones.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Using Google Earth in Location-based Advertising

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Other Mobile Computing - Telemedicine Telemedicine predicted in 1924 and today

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Other Mobile Computing - Telemetry Applications Telemetry is the wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors. –Technicians can use telemetry to identify maintenance problems in equipment; –Doctors can monitor patients and control medical equipment from a distance; –Car manufacturers use telemetry for remote vehicle diagnosis and preventive maintenance.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Other Mobile Computing - Medical Telemetry

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Other Mobile Computing - Automotive Telemetry The OnStar system from GM

Information Technology Foundations-BIT The Aware System (IT’s About Business 7.3) P. 218 Telemetry in the trucking industry

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Pervasive Computing Pervasive Computing (Ubiquitous computing) –Is invisible “everywhere computing” that is embedded in the objects around us – the floors, the lights, our cars, washing machine, microwave oven, cell phones, clothes, and so on. (e.g., smart home, smart appliances) –Two technologies provide the infrastructure for pervasive computing Radio frequency identification (RFID) Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Infrastructure For Pervasive Computing Radio frequency identification (RFID) –Allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas and computer chips on goods and then track their movement through radio signals. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) –Networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless sensors that are placed into the physical environment.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Product with bar code and RFID tag RFID tag Bar code

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Anatomy of a Universal Product Code (UPC) a.k.a.; Bar Code RFID was developed to replace bar codes.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Various RFID Tags One issue with RFID has been the tag cost. –today < $0.10 apiece Another issue, size –today typical small size is 0.4mm x 0.4mm

Information Technology Foundations-BIT RFID Dust by Hitachi This image shows RFID tags produced by Hitachi that measure.05 by.05 millimeter. They are so small, that they are called RFID dust. Human hair

Information Technology Foundations-BIT RFID and Your Privacy

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Small RFID Reader and Tag

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Small RFID Reader and Tag

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Large RFID Reader

Information Technology Foundations-BIT RuBee an RFID Alternative RuBee is a wireless networking protocol that relies on magnetic rather than electrical energy. A RuBee tag RuBee signals will go through metal and liquids, where RFID signals will not.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT RFID at Selexyz (IT’s About Business 7.4) P. 221 RFID tag on book RFID reader at Selexyz

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Infrastructure For Pervasive Computing - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Networks of interconnected, battery-powered, wireless sensors called motes that are placed into the physical environment. The motes send information to a base computer, which connects to the satellite above. Mote

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Inrix traffic system

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Wireless Security Four major threats –Rogue Access Point is an unauthorized access point to a wireless network. –War Driving The act of locating WLANs while driving around a city or elsewhere. –Eavesdropping Refers to efforts by unauthorized users to try to access data traveling over wireless networks. –RF (Radio frequency) Jamming Is when a person or a device intentionally or unintentionally interferes with your wireless network transmissions.

Information Technology Foundations-BIT Chapter Closing CaseP. 228