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Chapter 34 Table of Contents Section 1 The Reptilian Body Reptiles and Birds Table of Contents Section 1 The Reptilian Body Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds

Chapter 34 Objectives Describe the key characteristics of reptiles. Section 1 The Reptilian Body Objectives Describe the key characteristics of reptiles. Relate a reptile’s ectothermic metabolism to its activity level. Summarize the adaptations that enable reptiles to live on land.

Key Characteristics of Reptiles Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Key Characteristics of Reptiles Reptiles have a strong, bony skeleton. Most have two pairs of limbs.They have toes with claws. Reptiles have an ectothermic metabolism. Reptiles have dry, scaly skin. Reptiles have amniotic eggs.

Key Features of Reptiles Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Key Features of Reptiles

Characteristics of Reptiles Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Characteristics of Reptiles

Key Characteristics of Reptiles, continued Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Key Characteristics of Reptiles, continued Ectothermic Metabolism Reptiles’ ectothermic metabolism is too slow to generate enough heat to warm their bodies, so they must absorb heat from their surroundings. A reptile’s body temperature is largely determined by the temperature of its environment. At low temperatures, most reptiles become sluggish and unable to function.

Changes in Lizard Body Temperature Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Changes in Lizard Body Temperature

Comparing Endotherms and Ectotherms Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Comparing Endotherms and Ectotherms

Chapter 34 Water Retention Section 1 The Reptilian Body Water Retention Unlike amphibians, reptiles can be considered fully terrestrial. Reptiles have adaptations that free them from the water requirements of amphibians.

Water Retention, continued Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Water Retention, continued Watertight Skin Reptiles have a skin made of light, flexible scales. These scales overlap and form a protective, almost watertight skin that minimizes water loss.

Comparing Amphibian and Reptile Skin Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Comparing Amphibian and Reptile Skin

Water Retention, continued Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Water Retention, continued Watertight Eggs A reptile’s amniotic egg provides a moist environment in which the embryo develops. An amniotic egg contains both a water supply and a food supply. The amniotic egg’s tough shell keeps the egg from drying out.

Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Amniotic Egg

Parts of an Amniotic Egg Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Parts of an Amniotic Egg

Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Respiration Because reptiles are far more active than amphibians, they have greater metabolic requirements for oxygen.

Respiration, continued Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Respiration, continued Lungs Unlike the skin of an amphibian, the scaly skin of a reptile does not permit gas exchange. The lungs of most reptiles have many internal folds, greatly increasing their surface area. Reptiles have strong muscles attached to their rib cages. These muscles help to move air into and out of the lungs, increasing the lungs’ efficiency.

Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Alveolus/Alveoli

Respiration, continued Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Respiration, continued Heart In reptiles, the septum extends into the ventricle, partly dividing it into left and right halves. As a result, oxygen is delivered to the body cells more efficiently than in amphibians. Crocodiles have a heart with a completely divided ventricle.

Reptilian Heart Structure Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Reptilian Heart Structure

Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Reptile Heart

Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Reproduction Reptilian eggs are fertilized within the female, a process called internal fertilization. Many reptiles are oviparous, meaning the young hatch from eggs. Some species of snakes and lizards are ovoviparous, which means the female retains the eggs within her body until shortly before hatching, or the eggs may hatch within the female’s body.

Chapter 34 Objectives Compare the four living orders of reptiles. Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Objectives Compare the four living orders of reptiles. Describe the timber rattlesnake’s adaptation for locating and capturing prey. Compare the parental care of crocodilians with that of other reptiles.

Chapter 34 Lizards and Snakes Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Lizards and Snakes Snakes and lizards belong to the order Squamata. A characteristic of this order is a lower jaw that is loosely connected to the skull. This enables snakes and many lizards to swallow large prey.

Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Types of Reptiles

Characteristics of Snakes and Lizards Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Characteristics of Snakes and Lizards

Lizards and Snakes, continued Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Lizards and Snakes, continued Lizards Most lizards are carnivores. Most lizards are small, measuring less than 30 cm (1 ft) in length.

Lizards and Snakes, continued Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Lizards and Snakes, continued Snakes The skeleton of snakes lacks a pectoral girdle, the supporting bones for the bones of the forelimbs. Snakes do not have teeth suited for cutting and chewing. Some snakes are constrictors, squeezing their prey until it suffocates, then eating it. Other snakes kill their prey with poisonous venom.

External Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles External Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake

Internal Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Internal Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake

Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Anatomy of a Snake

Other Orders of Reptiles Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Other Orders of Reptiles The remaining orders of living reptiles contain far fewer species than the order Squamata does. There are about 250 or more species of turtles and tortoises, all classified in the order Chelonia. There are about 25 species of crocodiles in the order Crocodilia. There are only two species of tuataras in the order Rhynchocephalia.

Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Turtles and Tortoises The bodies of turtles and tortoises are encased within a hard, bony, protective shell. The carapace is the dorsal (top) part of the shell, and the plastron is the ventral (bottom) portion. Turtles and tortoises lack teeth but have jaws covered by sharp plates, which form powerful beaks.

Characteristics of Turtles Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Characteristics of Turtles

Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Carapace and Plastron

Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Crocodiles and Alligators Crocodiles and alligators are aggressive carnivores. They capture their prey by stealth, drawing it underwater to be drowned and eaten. Unlike other living reptiles, crocodilians care for their young after hatching.

Characteristics of Crocodiles and Alligators Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Characteristics of Crocodiles and Alligators

Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Tuataras Tuataras are lizardlike reptiles up to 70 cm (2 ft) long. The two living species of tuataras are members of the genus Sphenodon and are native to New Zealand.

Chapter 34 Objectives Summarize the key characteristics of birds. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Objectives Summarize the key characteristics of birds. Describe how a bird’s feathers and bone structure aid flight. Summarize how a bird’s lungs and heart are adapted for high efficiency. Relate the structure of a bird’s feet and beak to its habits and diet.

Key Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds Unlike reptiles, birds lack teeth and have a tail that is greatly reduced in length. Like reptiles, birds have amniotic eggs. They also have feet and legs that are covered with scales. Birds have feathers and forelimbs modified into wings.

Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Characteristics of Birds

Chapter 34 Parts of a Bird Brain Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Parts of a Bird Brain

Characteristics of Birds Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Characteristics of Birds

Bird Adaptations for Flight Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Bird Adaptations for Flight

Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Feathers Feathers are modified reptilian scales. Contour feathers cover the bird’s body and give adult birds their shape. When a bird preens, it spreads oil from its preen gland over its feathers, cleaning and waterproofing them. Down feathers cover the body of young birds and are found beneath the contour feathers of adults.

Contour Feather Structure Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Contour Feather Structure

Chapter 34 Parts of a Feather Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Parts of a Feather

Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Preening

Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Strong, Lightweight Skeleton The bones of birds are thin and hollow. Some of the bones are fused, providing extra strength. Birds have a large breastbone with a prominent keel for muscle attachment. Muscles used in flight are attached to the breastbone and fused collarbones.

Chapter 34 Avian Skeleton Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Avian Skeleton

Chapter 34 Anatomy of a Bird Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Anatomy of a Bird

Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Endothermic Metabolism Birds are endotherms, which means they generate enough heat through metabolism to maintain a high body temperature. Birds have a high rate of metabolism, which meets the increased energy requirements of flight.

Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Completely Divided Ventricle As in the crocodilian heart, the ventricle of the bird heart is completely divided by a septum. The septum of the bird heart separates oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, meaning that oxygen is delivered to the body cells more efficiently.

Chapter 34 Avian Heart Structure Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Avian Heart Structure

Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Bird Heart

Chapter 34 Bird Digestive System Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Bird Digestive System

Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Highly Efficient Lungs Birds have a high demand for oxygen because they use large amounts of energy when they fly. Air moves through a bird’s lungs in one direction. Air sacs connected to a bird’s lungs act as holding tanks to enable the one-way flow of air.

Chapter 34 Avian Lung Structure Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Avian Lung Structure

External Structure of Birds – Bald Eagle Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 External Structure of Birds – Bald Eagle

Internal Structure of Birds – Bald Eagle Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Internal Structure of Birds – Bald Eagle

Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Bird Lungs

Chapter 34 Adaptations of Birds Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Adaptations of Birds Different species of birds are adapted for different ways of life. A bird’s beak (bill), legs, and feet reveal a great deal about its habits and diet. Some species of birds are highly specialized, while others are very flexible in their eating habits.

Beak Adaptations and Bird Diversity Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Beak Adaptations and Bird Diversity

Foot Adaptations and Bird Diversity Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Foot Adaptations and Bird Diversity

Adaptations of Birds, continued Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Adaptations of Birds, continued Other Adaptations There are many orders of birds, each of which is adapted to its particular living conditions.

Chapter 34 Avian Adaptations Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Avian Adaptations

Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Types of Birds

Chapter 34 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice The chart below shows the normal ranges of body temperatures in five groups of reptiles. Use the chart to answer questions 1–3.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 34 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which groups could probably best tolerate the temperature extremes found in deserts? A. Turtles, snakes, and crocodilians B. Turtles, lizards, and snakes C. Tuataras, turtles, and snakes D. Tuataras and crocodilians

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 34 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which groups could probably best tolerate the temperature extremes found in deserts? A. Turtles, snakes, and crocodilians B. Turtles, lizards, and snakes C. Tuataras, turtles, and snakes D. Tuataras and crocodilians

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 34 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. If a bar showing the body temperature range of birds were added to this chart, the bar for birds would partially overlap with the bar for F. lizards. G. tuataras. H. crocodilians. J. turtles.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 34 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. If a bar showing the body temperature range of birds were added to this chart, the bar for birds would partially overlap with the bar for F. lizards. G. tuataras. H. crocodilians. J. turtles.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 34 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of these statements is supported by the data in the chart? A. Crocodilians have a greater body temperature range than tuataras. B. Turtles and snakes have similar body temperature ranges. C. Lizards always have a higher body temperature than tuataras. D. Some lizards can have a higher body temperature than some crocodilians.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 34 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of these statements is supported by the data in the chart? A. Crocodilians have a greater body temperature range than tuataras. B. Turtles and snakes have similar body temperature ranges. C. Lizards always have a higher body temperature than tuataras. D. Some lizards can have a higher body temperature than some crocodilians.