Introduction to BIM BIM Curriculum 01

Topics History / Overview From 2D to BIM The BIM Concept Future Trends There is a lot of talk these days about model-based design, Building Information Modeling: BIM, or Virtual Building to mention just some of the names this approach is often given. The topic of this lecture is what does this really mean and how does this approach differ.

Evolution of AEC CAD 2D solutions 3D solutions BIM solutions Electronic drafting board 3D solutions Modeling for purely visualization purposes BIM solutions Models with integrated architectural information Construction Coordination (5D) Timing/scheduling and Cost estimation CAD (Computer Aided Design) applications have gone through major changes over the course of time. The evolution of CAD software was particularly significant in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry, in which simple two dimensional drafting programs have evolved into integrated building information modeling (BIM) applications during the past 30 years. The most important milestones of AEC CAD are the following: 2D solutions Electronic drafting board 3D solutions Modeling for purely visualization purposes BIM solutions Models with integrated architectural information Construction Coordination (5D) Timing/scheduling and Cost estimation Early commercial CAD applications were no more then electronic drafting boards capable of creating 2D drawings only. A major milestone of AEC software history was the release of 3D CAD applications capable of handling three-dimensional models in addition to the 2D documentation. Some of these programs also had basic visualization functions, such as photo rendering engines and simple movie tools. Contemporary BIM applications provide integrated solutions for architects and designers. Developed specifically for the AEC industry, the BIM programs feature real building elements, automatically attached building information data and rich visualization capabilities. The latest AEC applications focus on the construction industry. Adding time and cost information to the 3D BIM model (making it into a so-called “5D” model) allows construction companies to optimize their processes and minimize the risk of building errors.

AEC CAD Timeline 1960 1970 1980 1990 1980 1990 2000 CAD usage % 100% Experimental CAD in research Commercial CAD on mainframes and workstations Commercial CAD on personal computers BIM 4D-5D CAD Commercial 3D CAD 1980 Hand Drafting 2D CAD 3D CAD BIM 4-5D CAD 1990 2000 CAD usage % 100% 50% 0% The history of CAD goes back to the early sixties. In this pioneering era of computer science, researchers and programmers laid the foundations of the CAD industry. Computer input devices (such as the mouse) and basic computer interface techniques were also invented that time. The first commercial CAD applications were released in the seventies for mainframe computers and workstations. Since these machines were very expensive, computer-aided drafting remained the privilege of state institutions and large design firms (mainly in the engineering industry). The breakthrough in CAD usage came in the early eighties, with the appearance of personal computers on the market. The drop in computer prices opened the way for smaller architectural firms to start experimenting with CAD drafting. Thanks to the rapid development of computer hardware and computer programming, within a few years 3D CAD solutions followed the 2D CAD applications. By the end of the eighties, CAD developers realized that different industry segments required different solutions. The 1990’s were characterized, then, by specialization of CAD software. The Building Information Modeling concept was also developed during these years, although some revolutionary CAD companies released similar products in the early eighties. The latest trend in the industry is the integrated solution offered for construction companies. This approach is also known as 5D CAD (3D+time+cost). The adoption of new CAD concepts by institutions and businesses usually followed the industry innovations with a few years delay. The accompanying chart shows the tendencies in CAD usage during the past 30 years. As you can see, from the mid-80s onwards, more and more of the industry has adopted some form of CAD, and we are now going to discuss the 3 most common CAD methods 2D CAD 3D CAD BIM

Working Concept - 2D CAD Draft everything in 2D No 3D model is created Design changes maintained manually on every drawing Typically, each drawing is saved in its own file Before we talk about the BIM concept, let’s take a closer look at the earlier CAD methods. 2D applications are nothing more than “electronic drafting boards” capable of providing only two-dimensional drawings, without the capability for 3D models. The working concepts of 2D CAD are the following: Draft everything in 2D No 3D model is created Design changes maintained manually on every drawing Typically, each drawing is saved in its own file

Evaluation - 2D CAD Benefits Drawbacks Faster modifications Accuracy Compared to hand drafting Faster modifications Accuracy Smart drafting tools (fills, dimensions) Repetitive elements (blocks, xrefs) Compared to other CAD methods Easy to understand concept (electronic drafting) Relatively small files due to reduced data Quick (but less intelligent) solution for all building types Drawbacks Changes on one drawing don’t influence other drawings Drawing coordination is essential No more content compared with hand drawing Collisions and other design problems are difficult to identify The most important benefits and drawbacks of 2D CAD are listed below. 2D CAD has major advantages compared to hand drafting, but it cannot provide solutions for many problems facing designers. The most critical drawback of 2D CAD is the lack of automatic change management among multiple drawings. Benefits Compared to hand drafting Faster modifications Accuracy Smart drafting tools (fills, dimensions) Repetitive elements (blocks, xrefs) Compared to other CAD methods Easy to understand concept (electronic drafting) Relatively small files due to reduced data Quick (but less intelligent) solution for all building types Drawbacks Changes on one drawing don’t influence other drawings Drawing coordination is essential No additional content compared with hand drawing Collisions and other design problems are difficult to identify

Manual or automatic update Working Concept – 3D CAD The application has both 2D and 3D capabilities Buildings can be modeled in 3D if necessary 3D and 2D information can be included in a single file Drawings can be partially derived from the model No automatic documentation Application mostly works with 2D and 3D drawing tools instead of real architectural elements Additional content can be created including visualization and basic quantity take-offs Project File Drawings Manual or automatic update The main features of 3D CAD are: The application has both 2D and 3D capabilities Buildings can be modeled in 3D if necessary 3D and 2D information can be included in a single file Drawings are (partially) derived from the model No automatic documentation Application mostly works with 2D and 3D drawing tools instead of real architectural elements Additional content can be created, including visualization and basic quantity take-offs 3D CAD programs allow users to create a spatial model of the building together with the necessary 2D documentation. Some drawings (e.g. sections or elevations) can be partially derived from the 3D model but in most cases the documentation is kept in a separate file (or set of files) from the model. Most 3D applications offer built-in visualization tools and basic quantity calculation features (e.g. floor areas, roof areas). . 3D Model

Manual or automatic update Evaluation– 3D CAD Benefits Compared to 2D CAD Easier checking of planning errors Managing changes is easier Visualization and calculation Compared to BIM Users may work purely in 2D if they wish Smaller file size Easier to model complex geometries Drawbacks (compared to BIM) Concept doesn’t follow the architectural design process Documentation is not fully automatic No architectural content like in BIM applications Project File Drawings Manual or automatic update Some of the benefits and drawbacks of 3D CAD are given on this slide. In general, 3D applications provide many advantages for architects and designers compared to 2D CAD and hand drafting. Visualization and listing are just the two most obvious benefits of 3D modeling. Even so, 3D CAD also has major drawbacks compared to BIM. Most importantly we can mention the lack of real architectural intelligent elements and automatically updated documentation. Benefits Compared to 2D CAD Easier checking of planning errors Managing changes is easier Visualization and calculation Compared to BIM Users may work purely in 2D if they wish Smaller file size Drawbacks (compared to BIM) Concept doesn’t follow the architectural design process Documentation is not fully automatic No architectural content like in BIM applications 3D Model

The BIM Concept Definition: BIM= Building Information Modeling Also known as „Virtual Building” or „Building Simulation” The basic concept of BIM modeling is that architects are able to use the 3D building model to extract all the required project drawings and building views – including sections and elevations, presentation drawings, renderings and detailed construction drawings, as well as quantity calculations and price estimations. Consequently, changes to the model are instantly updated on all drawings. The image below is an illustration of this concept. Working with a 3-Dimensional building model gives the architects flexibility and benefits that are not available in a traditional 2D building project. The commonly used phrases ‘Virtual Building’, ‘Building Simulation’ and ‘Building Information Modeling’ are largely interchangeable. Drawings, building views, visualizations, calculations and quantity take-offs are automatically derived from the 3D model. BIM= Building Information Modeling Also known as „Virtual Building” or „Building Simulation”

Working Concept – BIM Single file concept: The complete building model and all of its representations are included in the BIM file Real architectural elements used for modeling Changes of the model affect all related drawings (and vice versa) Automatic generation and updating of documentation Architectural content (libraries) Building information data attached to the elements Additional materials (rendering, animation, quantity take-offs, schedules) The most significant highlights of the BIM method are: Single file concept: The complete building model and all of its representations are included in the BIM file Real architectural elements used for modeling Changes to the model affect all related drawings (and vice versa) Automatic generation and updating of documentation Architectural content (libraries) Building information data attached to the elements Additional materials (rendering, animation, quantity take-offs, schedules) We must emphasize that unlike in 3D CAD, the BIM model consists of real architectural elements (walls, slabs, roofs, etc.) and the documentation workflow is automatic.

Evaluation– BIM Benefits Compared to 2D and 3D CAD Elements have architectural meaning Changes on one drawing have influence on all others Rich visualization content (animation, sun studies, renderings etc.) Automatic quantity take-offs, schedules Connection to structural, energy calculation, collision detection etc. software Drawbacks Higher training requirements Might be difficult to learn the BIM approach for people who were previously 2D users Might be more difficult to handle complex geometry (e.g. freeform structures) then in 3D and 2D CAD Since the BIM concept was initially developed to serve the AEC market, it offers many particular advantages for architects and designers compared to traditional CAD methods. The only possible drawback of BIM is the relatively higher training requirements of novice users and cross graders from 2D applications. Benefits Compared to 2D and 3D CAD Elements have architectural meaning Changes on one drawing have influence on all others Rich visualization content (animation, sun studies, renderings etc.) Automatic quantity take-offs, schedules Connection to structural, energy calculation, collision detection etc. software Drawbacks Higher training requirements Might be difficult to learn the BIM approach for people who were previously 2D users Might be more difficult to handle complex geometry (e.g. freeform structures) then in 3D and 2D CAD

Real Architectural Elements - BIM Drawing representation Floor plan, section and elevation views Adjustable contours, fills, backgrounds Scale sensitivity Model representation 3D shapes connected to drawing elements Surface color and texture Non-graphical information Material descriptions Quantities, volumes Cost Values specific to certain elements (e.g. lux values of lights, fire resistance of doors) The BIM model is made of real architectural elements that are represented correctly (according to local architectural standards) in all views. Furthermore, non-graphical building information data can be attached to the building components that serve as a basis for various calculations. Drawing representation Floor plan, section and elevation views Adjustable contours, fills, backgrounds Scale sensitivity Model representation 3D shapes connected to drawing elements Surface color and texture Non-graphical information Material descriptions Quantities, volumes Cost

Model Based Documentation - BIM Coherence between model and drawing All drawings derived from the model Model itself coordinates drawings Automatic scale change The complete project lifecycle can be controlled from a single file Rich 3D visualization content helps you to win the job The ultimate goal of architectural design - even in the era of BIM modeling - is to produce the construction documentation set from which the building can be constructed. Three dimensional models and visualization materials are also important since they help to win the job, but architects still get paid for delivering drawings. The BIM programs support the automatic production of drawings from the 3D model, allowing architects to spend more time on design and less on documentation. The benefits of model-based documentation are: Coherence between model and drawing All drawings derived from the model Model itself coordinates drawings Automatic scale change The complete project lifecycle can be controlled from a single file Rich 3D visualization content helps you to win the job

Estimation-BIM Additional information attached to the model Quantity Materials Descriptions Product details Construction details Safety details Cost Instant Calculation Quantity take-offs Room Inventories Door-Window Schedules BIM DATA 3D model Calculations Assigning non-graphical data (quantity, materials, description, cost etc.) to the model elements allows the user to derive instant calculation from the BIM model. Additional information attached to model: Quantity Materials Descriptions Product details Construction details Safety details Cost Instant calculation materials: Quantity take-offs Room Inventories Door/Window schedules

Collaboration -BIM Areas of collaboration: Internal External The AEC industry is moving towards integration of disciplines. The collaborative mode will become a standard approach. Only advanced data-sharing technology will enable effective enough communication to support this working method. Areas of collaboration: Internal External Designing, building and managing a building is a highly complex process that requires smooth communication and collaboration among all members of the project team. Advanced BIM applications offer integrated data communication and data sharing solutions for all project stakeholders.

External Collaboration-BIM The BIM data can be shared with the project stakeholders via: IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) DXF-DWG (Autocad Drawing) PDF (Portable Document Format) XML (Extensible Markup Language) Other native CAD file formats The AEC industry is moving from a “file-based environment” toward a “data-based environment”. The information stored in the BIM model can be shared in many file formats with external project team members: IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) DXF-DWG (Autocad Drawing) PDF (Portable Document Format) XML (Extensible Markup Language) Other native CAD file formats IFC is a standard universal framework that enables information sharing and interoperability throughout all phases of the whole building life cycle

Internal Collaboration-BIM Central File Advanced BIM applications allow the seamless sharing of the virtual building data between the project team members The teamwork approach: Central file contains the complete virtual building database Team members work on local copies Team members have dedicated workspaces Team members send and receive changes regularly Workspace 3 Workspace 2 Workspace 1 Send & receive changes Well-established communication protocols in the office are critical to minimize the risk of project coordination errors. Complex or large buildings also require the sharing of the BIM model among the project team members. The teamwork approach offers an integrated solution for these problems. The teamwork approach: Central file contains the complete virtual building database Team members work on local copies Team members have dedicated workspaces Team members send and receive changes regularly Local Copy 1 Local Copy 2 Local Copy 3

Analysis, Coordination-BIM Jetstream from NavisWorks Further processing the BIM data allows a wide range of analytical activities: Code checking (collision detection) Energy efficiency analysis Structural analysis EnergyPlus The BIM model, when imported into external analysis programs, allows a wide range of analytical activities including: Code checking (collision detection) Energy efficiency analysis Structural analysis These tools help minimize the risk of construction and design errors. Xsteel from Tekla

Trends: Construction Coordination Construction industry is moving towards automated solutions. Adding time and cost information to the 3D model results the virtual construction model. Time (4D) The needs and approaches of construction companies are different from those of the architects. Construction must excel in two areas: winning bids and effectively managing the money, manpower, machinery, and materials required to construct buildings. Not surprisingly, the building industry is moving toward automated solutions. Assigning time and cost information to the BIM model (5D) is such a solution. Cost (5D) Linked Schedules Linked Estimating Recipes BIM Model (3D)

Virtual Construction Workflow Constructability Analysis and Coordination Schedule Procurement 5 D Model Cost Estimate Project Control Accounting The 5D model –or Virtual Construction Model- is the basis for all elements of the project control, including constructability analysis, cost estimation and construction documentation. The figure below shows the new construction coordination workflow. Fabrication 2 D Drawings