PSYCHOLOGY SLEEP Altered States of Consciousness

2 Consciousness & Information Processing The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on multiple tracks, while the conscious mind processes information sequentially. Conscious mind Unconscious mind

The Preconscious Level Preconscious thought is stored knowledge that is retrievable into conscious awareness. The Nonconscious Level The nonconscious level refers to bodily processes, such as the growing of hair, of which we are not aware. The Unconscious Level Information stored in the unconscious level is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances. Altered States of Consciousness In altered states of consciousness, a person’s sense of self or sense of the world changes. Examples: sleep and hypnosis Different Levels of Consciousness

5 Sleep & Dreams Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we inevitably succumb. Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just started unraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.

Sleep & Dreams Disc Jockey – Peter Tripp Disc Jockey – Peter Tripp Sleep is a state of altered consciousness Sleep is a state of altered consciousness Consciousness – a state of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas and perceptions Consciousness – a state of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas and perceptions Consciousness ranges from alertness to non- alertness Consciousness ranges from alertness to non- alertness Sleep has been difficult to study until recently Sleep has been difficult to study until recently EEG – electroencephalograph – records electrical activity in the brain EEG – electroencephalograph – records electrical activity in the brain

Why do we sleep? Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. Some people believe sleep is used to “recharge their batteries.” Some people believe sleep is used to “recharge their batteries.” Others believe sleep is a primitive hibernation to conserve energy. Others believe sleep is a primitive hibernation to conserve energy. Some believe we slept at night to stay out of harm’s way. Some believe we slept at night to stay out of harm’s way. Some researchers believe we sleep to clear our minds and dream. Some researchers believe we sleep to clear our minds and dream.

9 Sleep Theories 1.Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way. 2.Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue. 3.Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories. 4.Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.

People need sleep to revive the tired body and build up resistance to infection. Sleep may help people recover from stress and consolidate memories. REM sleep seems to help animals and people learn, remember, and retain information. REM sleep is when we have the most vivid dreams. People dream in color and in black and white. People seem to dream in “real time.” People do not always remember their dreams. Dreams The Importance of Sleep and Dreams Sigmund Freud theorized that dreams reflect a person’s unconscious wishes and urges. He also believed people dream in symbols as a way to deal with painful material they cannot otherwise deal with consciously. The Freudian View

11 Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages. Sleep Stages Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

Stages of Sleep As you sleep several things happen: As you sleep several things happen: Body temperature decreases Body temperature decreases Pulse rate drops Pulse rate drops Eyes close Eyes close Body may twitch and eyes may roll Body may twitch and eyes may roll Brief visual images flash across your mind Brief visual images flash across your mind EEG shows alpha waves which are associated with absence of concentrated thought & relaxation. EEG shows alpha waves which are associated with absence of concentrated thought & relaxation.

13 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Sleep Stages 1-2 Theta Waves

Early Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 1 Pulse slows more and muscles relax Pulse slows more and muscles relax Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves grow irregular. Breathing becomes uneven and brain waves grow irregular. Lasts up to 10 minutes Lasts up to 10 minutes If awakened you would report that you were just drifting If awakened you would report that you were just drifting

Early Stages of Sleep Stage II Stage II Eyes roll slowly from side to side Eyes roll slowly from side to side Lasts about 30 minutes Lasts about 30 minutes Stage III Stage III Large amplitude delta waves begin to sweep your brain every second. Large amplitude delta waves begin to sweep your brain every second.

16 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps). Sleep Stages 3-4

Later Stages of Sleep Stage IV is the deepest stage of all. Stage IV is the deepest stage of all. Hard to wake and will be disoriented if awakened Hard to wake and will be disoriented if awakened Talking, sleepwalking & bedwetting occur during this stage with no memory Talking, sleepwalking & bedwetting occur during this stage with no memory

REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement (REM)- active sleep Rapid Eye Movement (REM)- active sleep Pulse & breathing become irregular Pulse & breathing become irregular Adrenal & sexual hormone levels rise Adrenal & sexual hormone levels rise Face & fingers twitch while large muscles are paralyzed Face & fingers twitch while large muscles are paralyzed Brain waves similar to that of an awake person Brain waves similar to that of an awake person Lasts minutes Lasts minutes Entire sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes Entire sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes Stage IV sleep decreases with each cycle while REM sleep increases until you wake up Stage IV sleep decreases with each cycle while REM sleep increases until you wake up

19 Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.

Brain Waves During Sleep

Frequency of Sleep Stages

22 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.

How Much Sleep? Amount needed varies considerably Amount needed varies considerably Newborns sleep up to 16 hours while 70 years and older may sleep only 5 hours Newborns sleep up to 16 hours while 70 years and older may sleep only 5 hours Circadian rhythm – biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses during the day Circadian rhythm – biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses during the day Missing sleep disrupts this rhythm (jet lag) Missing sleep disrupts this rhythm (jet lag)

Sleep Disorders Insomnia Insomnia Sleep Apnea Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Narcolepsy Nightmares & Night Terrors Nightmares & Night Terrors Sleepwalking & Sleep Talking Sleepwalking & Sleep Talking

27 Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and accidents. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis

28 Sleep Deprivation 1.Fatigue and subsequent death. 2.Impaired concentration. 3.Emotional irritability. 4.Depressed immune system. 5.Greater vulnerability.

Insomnia Insomnia – a prolonged and usually abnormal inability to obtain adequate sleep Insomnia – a prolonged and usually abnormal inability to obtain adequate sleep Do not feel rested the next day Do not feel rested the next day Insomnia has many causes including anxiety, depression, alcohol and drug use Insomnia has many causes including anxiety, depression, alcohol and drug use

30 Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep

Sleep Apnea Sleep Apnea – a sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while sleeping Sleep Apnea – a sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while sleeping Identified by snoring that lasts seconds then ends suddenly with a movement of the body Identified by snoring that lasts seconds then ends suddenly with a movement of the body During this time the person is actually choking which triggers breathing reflexes During this time the person is actually choking which triggers breathing reflexes Affects 1% of population, especially older and obese persons Affects 1% of population, especially older and obese persons

Sleep Labs

Narcolepsy Narcolepsy – a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day Narcolepsy – a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day Feel like you are having dreamlike hallucinations and/or temporary paralysis Feel like you are having dreamlike hallucinations and/or temporary paralysis Sleep attacks occur accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep. Sleep attacks occur accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep. Victims have trouble with work, relationships, leisure and are prone to accidents. Victims have trouble with work, relationships, leisure and are prone to accidents.

Nightmares & Night Terrors Nightmares occur during the dream phase of REM sleep Nightmares occur during the dream phase of REM sleep Person usually wakes with a vivid movie-like memory of the dream. Person usually wakes with a vivid movie-like memory of the dream. Night terrors occur during Stage IV sleep and can last 5-20 minutes. Night terrors occur during Stage IV sleep and can last 5-20 minutes. May involve sweating, screaming, confusion and a rapid heart rate. May involve sweating, screaming, confusion and a rapid heart rate. May wake suddenly and usually have no memory of night terrors May wake suddenly and usually have no memory of night terrors

Sleepwalking Sleepwalking – walking or carrying out behaviors while sleeping. Sleepwalking – walking or carrying out behaviors while sleeping. Usually occurs among children who outgrow it. Usually occurs among children who outgrow it. Typically have no memory of event. Typically have no memory of event. Has been associated with stress, fatigue and the use of sedatives Has been associated with stress, fatigue and the use of sedatives Usually harmless unless a fall occurs Usually harmless unless a fall occurs It is not dangerous to wake sleepwalkers It is not dangerous to wake sleepwalkers

Sleep Talking Common sleep disruption Common sleep disruption Most people talk in their sleep and do not remember doing so Most people talk in their sleep and do not remember doing so Can occur during various stages and can be one word or several words. Can occur during various stages and can be one word or several words. Can possibly engage them in conversation Can possibly engage them in conversation

Dreams Dreams – mental activity that takes place during sleep Dreams – mental activity that takes place during sleep Many dreams are not remembered. Many dreams are not remembered. Sleep researchers wake people during the night to record their dreams. Sleep researchers wake people during the night to record their dreams. Early dreams are brief and vague while later dreams are more vivid and dramatic. Early dreams are brief and vague while later dreams are more vivid and dramatic. The last dream is usually the longest and the one people remember. The last dream is usually the longest and the one people remember. People deprived of REM sleep will increase their amount of time in REM sleep making it appear that dreaming is necessary. People deprived of REM sleep will increase their amount of time in REM sleep making it appear that dreaming is necessary.

Dreams 600 hours of dreams per year 600 hours of dreams per year 1500 dreams per year 1500 dreams per year 100,000 dreams in your lifetime 100,000 dreams in your lifetime 8-10 dreams are negative 8-10 dreams are negative 1-10 male dreams are sexual in nature 1-10 male dreams are sexual in nature 1-30 female dreams are sexual in nature 1-30 female dreams are sexual in nature 65% of male dreams contain men 65% of male dreams contain men 50% of female dreams contain men 50% of female dreams contain men

Content of Dreams Most dreams collected by researchers are common and dull. Most dreams collected by researchers are common and dull. Most dreams incorporate everyday activities. Most dreams incorporate everyday activities. Dreams usually have a large % of negative or unpleasant emotions. Dreams usually have a large % of negative or unpleasant emotions. Dreams correspond to a realistic time scale and do not occur in a split second. Dreams correspond to a realistic time scale and do not occur in a split second.

40 What do we Dream? 1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. 2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. 3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women.

41 Why do we dream? 1. Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings. 2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.

42 Why do we dream? 3. Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep.

43 Why do we dream? 4. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity. 5. Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development. All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.

Dream Interpretation Many believe dreams contain hidden meanings including Freud. Many believe dreams contain hidden meanings including Freud. Some scientists feel dreaming is just brain activity with little meaning. Some scientists feel dreaming is just brain activity with little meaning. Others believe dreams are meeting with spirits, a way of address problems, or removing unpleasant thoughts. Others believe dreams are meeting with spirits, a way of address problems, or removing unpleasant thoughts.

Dream Theory

Daydreaming Involves low level of awareness and involves fantasizing but directed thinking while we are awake. Involves low level of awareness and involves fantasizing but directed thinking while we are awake. Daydream when we are bored or in situations that require little attention. Daydream when we are bored or in situations that require little attention. Reminds us of or prepares us for future events. Reminds us of or prepares us for future events. Improve creativity and generates thought process. Improve creativity and generates thought process. Some psychologists believe daydreaming helps us control our emotions. Some psychologists believe daydreaming helps us control our emotions.

Hypnosis

48 Hypnosis Hypnos: Greek god of sleep A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Hypnosis Victor Rausch Victor Rausch Hypnosis – a state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility Hypnosis – a state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility May recall forgotten incidents May recall forgotten incidents Hypnosis does not put a person to sleep. Hypnosis does not put a person to sleep. People become highly receptive and responsive to internal and external stimuli. People become highly receptive and responsive to internal and external stimuli.

Hypnosis Helps to relax and focus on one tiny aspect of reality while ignoring others. Helps to relax and focus on one tiny aspect of reality while ignoring others. Can be convinced to do things that one would not normally do Can be convinced to do things that one would not normally do Psychologists try to solve problems or learn more about how the mind works. Psychologists try to solve problems or learn more about how the mind works. Mutual trust is important for hypnosis to be successful. Mutual trust is important for hypnosis to be successful.

Hypnosis Barber feels that if people try hard they can do what they would if hypnotized. Barber feels that if people try hard they can do what they would if hypnotized. Hypnotism reveals that people often have potential abilities they do not use. Hypnotism reveals that people often have potential abilities they do not use. Used by athletes Used by athletes Posthypnotic suggestion – a suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the participant’s behavior afterward. Posthypnotic suggestion – a suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the participant’s behavior afterward. Used to reduce pain, quit smoking & lose weight. Used to reduce pain, quit smoking & lose weight.

52 Aspects of Hypnosis 1. Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. 2. Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis.

53 Strength, stamina, and perceptual and memory abilities similarly affect those who are hypnotized and those who are not hypnotized. Hypnotic Feats

54 Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion. Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? No.

55 Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No.

Hypnosis is a condition in which people appear to be highly suggestible and to behave as if they are in a trance. Some psychologists believe that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. Others wonder whether hypnosis is truly an altered state of consciousness. Hypnosis dates back to the late 1700s with the work of Franz Mesmer. Today doctors and psychologists use hypnosis in a variety of ways: as an anesthetic, to help reduce anxiety, manage pain, or overcome fears. The History of Hypnosis Hypnosis: Myths and Realities Professional hypnotists may put people into a hypnotic trance by asking them to focus on something specific. People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility. Achieving Hypnosis

Meditation Meditation – the focusing of attention to clear one’s mind and produce relaxation Meditation – the focusing of attention to clear one’s mind and produce relaxation Various types of meditation have been used for thousands of years. Various types of meditation have been used for thousands of years. Researchers generally agree that meditation provides benefits through relaxation. Researchers generally agree that meditation provides benefits through relaxation.

Hypnosis and Pain Prevention Hypnosis has been used to help people prevent pain. A similar effect can be achieved through relaxation techniques and breathing exercises. Hypnosis and Memory Hypnosis is not a reliable approach to help people remember details of a crime. Many psychologists argue that material recalled under hypnosis should not be used as testimony in trials. The Uses of Hypnosis

Hypnosis and Quitting Bad Habits Therapists may use posthypnotic suggestion to help people quit a bad habit. In posthypnotic suggestion, the therapist gives instruction during the hypnosis that the patient is to carry out after the session has ended.

Interesting Sleep Notes 1989 Michael Doucette – safest teen driver 1989 Michael Doucette – safest teen driver Sleep 25 years of your life Sleep 25 years of your life Who gets more sleep? Men or Women Who gets more sleep? Men or Women 20% of U.S. auto accidents related to sleep 20% of U.S. auto accidents related to sleep Yawning – increases alertness Yawning – increases alertness

Interesting Sleep Notes Can you learn during sleep? Can you learn during sleep? Up to 25 years old men spend ½ their time sleeping in an aroused state Up to 25 years old men spend ½ their time sleeping in an aroused state 1942 – 7.6 hours of sleep 1942 – 7.6 hours of sleep 2001 – 6.7 hours of sleep 2001 – 6.7 hours of sleep Invention of light Invention of light

Interesting Sleep Notes Bilingual people will dream in which language? Bilingual people will dream in which language? If you fall in your dream will you die? If you fall in your dream will you die? Forget what happens about 5 minutes before you fall to sleep. Forget what happens about 5 minutes before you fall to sleep.

Drugs and Consciousness Depressants slow down the nervous system, stimulants increase the activity of the nervous system, and hallucinogens produce hallucinations. Treatments for drug abuse include detoxification, maintenance programs, counseling, and support groups. Section 4 at a Glance

Many drugs are addictive. Addiction to a drug means that after the person takes that drug for a while, the body craves it just to feel normal. Depressants are drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system. Alcohol is the most widely used drug in the United States. Alcohol is a depressant. It causes intoxication, or drunkenness. Regular consumption can lead to addiction. Alcohol Depressants Narcotics are addictive depressants used to relieve pain and induce sleep. Many are derived from the opium poppy plant. They include morphine and heroin. Narcotics

Stimulants increase the activity of the nervous system. They include nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cocaine. Nicotine is one of the most common stimulants. It spurs release of adrenaline. Regular use can lead to addiction. Nicotine is found in tobacco. Cigarette smoking is as addictive as heroin. Nicotine Stimulants Amphetamines are stimulants often used for staying awake or reducing appetite. They can cause hallucinations, perceptions that seem to be real but are not, and delusions, false ideas that seem real. One extremely addictive form is methamphetamine. Amphetamines

Cocaine Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant. It raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and decreases supply of oxygen. Use of cocaine can sometimes cause death. One very harmful form is known as crack.

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A hallucinogen is a drug that produces hallucinations. Produced from the leaves of the cannabis sativa plant May produce feelings of relaxation and mild hallucinations Impairs perception, coordination, memory, and learning Can have severe effects on consciousness Marijuana Hallucinogens Can produce intense hallucinations Sometimes called acid Can cause injury or suicide Side effects include memory loss, violent outbursts, nightmares, and panic LSD

Other Hallucinogens Mushrooms that contain psilocybin, which produces altered perceptions, confusion, anxiety, and panic Peyote, which contains mescaline Ecstasy, a pill that produces hallucinations, increased energy, loss of judgment, and serious side effects including nausea and high blood pressure

Varies depending on the drug One treatment is detoxification –harmful substances are removed from the body –most commonly used with alcohol and narcotic addiction Other treatments include: –maintenance programs –counseling –support groups Treatments for Drug Abuse