Hundred Years' War Name: Zuzana Gunárová Subject: Reálie Anglicky mluvících zemí Field of study: Financial management

Hundred Years' War  The term "Hundred Years' War" was a later historical term invented by historians to describe the series of events.  was a conflict between France and England lasting 116 years France EnglandFrance England  It was fought primarily over claims by the English kings to the French throne claims English kingsFrench throneclaims English kingsFrench throne  It began the lasted 1450s, though were long periods between batles.

 the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and English nationality. nationality  Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal feudal  The first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire were introduced for the war, thus changing the role of the peasantry. For all this, as well as for its long duration, it is often viewed as one of the most significant conflicts in the history of medieval warfare. standing armiesWestern EuropeWestern Roman Empiremedieval warfarestanding armiesWestern EuropeWestern Roman Empiremedieval warfare

Background can be found 400 years earlier, in 911 can be found 400 years earlier, in when Carolingian Charles the Simple allowed the Viking Rollo to settle in a part of his kingdom (a region known afterwards as "Normandy"). In 1066, the "Normans" were led by William the Conqueror (the Duke of Normandy) and conquered England, defeating the Anglo-Saxon leadership at the Battle of Hastings, and subsequently installed a new Anglo-Norman power structure. It is important to note for future events that, as landholders in French Normandy, Norman leaders were vassals to the King of France, even after they also became kings in England. when Carolingian Charles the Simple allowed the Viking Rollo to settle in a part of his kingdom (a region known afterwards as "Normandy"). In 1066, the "Normans" were led by William the Conqueror (the Duke of Normandy) and conquered England, defeating the Anglo-Saxon leadership at the Battle of Hastings, and subsequently installed a new Anglo-Norman power structure. It is important to note for future events that, as landholders in French Normandy, Norman leaders were vassals to the King of France, even after they also became kings in England.CarolingianCharles the SimpleViking RolloNormandyNormansWilliam the Conqueror conquered EnglandAnglo-SaxonBattle of Hastings Anglo-NormanvassalsCarolingianCharles the SimpleViking RolloNormandyNormansWilliam the Conqueror conquered EnglandAnglo-SaxonBattle of Hastings Anglo-Normanvassals

English nationalism Edward I. Edward I. The 14th centure is the beginning of Englisch nationalism. The 14th centure is the beginning of Englisch nationalism. It started under Edwar I, he expelled the Jews and foreign favourites of his father and conquered Wales and made it a principality. It started under Edwar I, he expelled the Jews and foreign favourites of his father and conquered Wales and made it a principality. He invaded Scotland and defeated the Scots, he carried off the Stone of Scote, on wich Scottisch kings were crowned, and had it placed in throne in Westminster Abbey. The upper classes began to abandon French and learn Englisch. He invaded Scotland and defeated the Scots, he carried off the Stone of Scote, on wich Scottisch kings were crowned, and had it placed in throne in Westminster Abbey. The upper classes began to abandon French and learn Englisch. English nationalism aroused Scottish nationalism. The Scots sought an ally in France and in the end Scotland remeined independent. English nationalism aroused Scottish nationalism. The Scots sought an ally in France and in the end Scotland remeined independent.

Devided of the war Thus, the war was in fact a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the Edwardian War ( ), the Caroline War ( ), the Lancastrian War ( ), and the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc ( ). Thus, the war was in fact a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the Edwardian War ( ), the Caroline War ( ), the Lancastrian War ( ), and the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc ( ).Edwardian War ( ) Caroline War ( )Lancastrian War ( )Joan of ArcEdwardian War ( ) Caroline War ( )Lancastrian War ( )Joan of Arc

On the eve of war: In 1333, Edward III went to war with David II of Scotland, a French ally under the Auld Alliance, and began the Second War of Scottish Independence. Philip saw the opportunity to reclaim Gascony while England's attention was concentrated northwards. However, the war was a quick success for England, and David was forced to flee to France after being defeated by King Edward and Edward Balliol at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July. In 1336, Philip made plans for an expedition to restore David to the Scottish throne, and to also seize Gascony. In 1333, Edward III went to war with David II of Scotland, a French ally under the Auld Alliance, and began the Second War of Scottish Independence. Philip saw the opportunity to reclaim Gascony while England's attention was concentrated northwards. However, the war was a quick success for England, and David was forced to flee to France after being defeated by King Edward and Edward Balliol at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July. In 1336, Philip made plans for an expedition to restore David to the Scottish throne, and to also seize Gascony.1333David II of ScotlandAuld AllianceSecond War of Scottish IndependenceEdward BalliolBattle of Halidon Hill David II of ScotlandAuld AllianceSecond War of Scottish IndependenceEdward BalliolBattle of Halidon Hill1336

Beginning of the war: 1337–1360 in 1340, in the Battle of Sluys, was succesful Englisch Arm. After this, England was able to dominate the English Channel for the rest of the war in 1340, in the Battle of Sluys, was succesful Englisch Arm. After this, England was able to dominate the English Channel for the rest of the war1340Battle of SluysEnglish Channel1340Battle of SluysEnglish Channel Battle of Crécy- Edward positioned his forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked. The famous Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French. Battle of Crécy- Edward positioned his forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked. The famous Battle of Crécy was a complete disaster for the French. Battle of CrécyBattle of Crécy Battle of CrécyBattle of Crécy In the same year, an English victory against Scotland in the Battle of Neville's Cross led to the capture of David II and greatly reduced the threat from Scotland. In the same year, an English victory against Scotland in the Battle of Neville's Cross led to the capture of David II and greatly reduced the threat from Scotland.Battle of Neville's CrossBattle of Neville's Cross

Battle of Crécy Battle of Crécy In this battle died czech king Jan Lucemburský. In this battle died czech king Jan Lucemburský.

In 1348, the Black Death began to ravage Europe. In 1356, after it had passed and England was able to recover financially, Edward's son and namesake, the Prince of Wales, known as the Black Prince1348Black Death 1356 Prince of WalesBlack Prince Battle of PoitiersBattle of Poitiers, where the English archers repeated the tactics used at Crécy. The new French king, John II, was captured. John signed a truce with Edward and in his absence, much of the government began to collapse. Later that year, the Second Treaty of London was signed, by which England gained possession of Aquitaine and John was freed.John IISecond Treaty of London Aquitaine

First peace: 1360–1369 Treaty of Brétigny Treaty of Brétigny Treaty of Brétigny Treaty of Brétigny The Treaty of Brétigny had made Edward renounce his claim to the French crown. The Treaty of Brétigny had made Edward renounce his claim to the French crown. At the same time it greatly expanded his territory in Aquitaine and confirmed his conquest of Calais. In reality, Edward never renounced his claim to the French crown, and Charles made a point of retaking Edward's new territory as soon as he ascended to the throne. In 1369, on the pretext that Edward III had failed to observe the terms of the treaty of Brétigny, Charles declared war once again. At the same time it greatly expanded his territory in Aquitaine and confirmed his conquest of Calais. In reality, Edward never renounced his claim to the French crown, and Charles made a point of retaking Edward's new territory as soon as he ascended to the throne. In 1369, on the pretext that Edward III had failed to observe the terms of the treaty of Brétigny, Charles declared war once again.1369

French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369–1389 The reign of Charles V saw the English steadily pushed back. Although the Breton war ended in their favour at the Battle of Auray, the dukes of Brittany eventually reconciled with the French throne. The Breton soldier Bertrand du Guesclin became one of the most successful French generals of the Hundred Years' War. The reign of Charles V saw the English steadily pushed back. Although the Breton war ended in their favour at the Battle of Auray, the dukes of Brittany eventually reconciled with the French throne. The Breton soldier Bertrand du Guesclin became one of the most successful French generals of the Hundred Years' War.Battle of AurayBertrand du GuesclinBattle of AurayBertrand du Guesclin With the death of the Black Prince in 1376 and Edward III in 1377, the prince's underaged son Richard of Bordeaux succeeded to the English throne. Then, with Du Guesclin's death in 1380, and the continued threat to England's Northern borders from Scotland represented by the Battle of Otterburn, the war inevitably wound down to a truce in The peace was extended many times before open war flared up again. With the death of the Black Prince in 1376 and Edward III in 1377, the prince's underaged son Richard of Bordeaux succeeded to the English throne. Then, with Du Guesclin's death in 1380, and the continued threat to England's Northern borders from Scotland represented by the Battle of Otterburn, the war inevitably wound down to a truce in The peace was extended many times before open war flared up again.1376 Richard of Bordeaux 1380Battle of Otterburn Richard of Bordeaux 1380Battle of Otterburn1389 Battle of Otterburn, the war inevitably wound down to a truce in The peace was extended many times before open war flared up again. Battle of Otterburn, the war inevitably wound down to a truce in The peace was extended many times before open war flared up again. Battle of Otterburn1389 Battle of Otterburn1389

Second peace: 1389–1415 England:of the reign of Richard II, who had Richard IIRichard II Not resolved them by the time he lost His throne and life to His cousinHenry,whotook power for himself in France:the King was Charles IV, duering his reign France has good time.

Richard IIRichard II. Richard II

English ascendancy under Henry V: 1415–1429 between 1415 and 1435 is the most famous phase of the Hundred Years' War. between 1415 and 1435 is the most famous phase of the Hundred Years' War. Battle of Aggincourt, where won englisch side, and the French defeat was catastrophic Battle of Aggincourt, where won englisch side, and the French defeat was catastrophic Henry took much of Normandy, including Caen in 1417 and Rouen on January 19, 1419, making Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. He made formal alliance with the Duchy of Burgundy, who had taken Paris, after the assassination of Duke John the Fearless in In 1420, Henry met with the mad king Charles VI, who signed the Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry would marry Charles' daughter Catherine and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, Charles VII, was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates-General. Henry took much of Normandy, including Caen in 1417 and Rouen on January 19, 1419, making Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. He made formal alliance with the Duchy of Burgundy, who had taken Paris, after the assassination of Duke John the Fearless in In 1420, Henry met with the mad king Charles VI, who signed the Treaty of Troyes, by which Henry would marry Charles' daughter Catherine and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, Charles VII, was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the Estates-General.Caen1417RouenJanuary Duchy of Burgundy John the Fearless1420 Charles VITreaty of TroyesCatherineCharles VIIEstates-GeneralCaen1417RouenJanuary Duchy of Burgundy John the Fearless1420 Charles VITreaty of TroyesCatherineCharles VIIEstates-General

Charles VII. Charles VI.

Henry's progress was now stopped by the arrival in France of a Scottish army of around 6,000 men Henry's progress was now stopped by the arrival in France of a Scottish army of around 6,000 men. In 1421, the Earl of Buchan crushed a larger English army at the Battle of Bauge, killing the English commander, Thomas, 1st Duke of Clarence, and killing or capturing most of the English leaders. The French were so grateful that Buchan was immediately promoted to the High Constable of France. Soon after this setback Henry V died at Meaux in Soon, Charles too had died. Henry's infant son, Henry VI, was immediately crowned king of England and France, but the Armagnacs remained loyal to Charles' son and the war continued in central France. Battle of Bauge Meaux1422Henry VIBattle of Bauge Meaux1422Henry VI

The English continued to attack France and in 1429 were besieging the important French city of Orleans. An attack on an English supply convoy led to the skirmish that is now known as Battle of the Herrings when John Fastolf circled his supply wagons (largely filled with herring) around his archers and repelled a few hundred attackers. Later that year, a French saviour appeared in the form of a peasant woman from Lorraine named Joan of Arc. 1429Battle of the HerringsJohn FastolfLorraine Joan of Arc 1429Battle of the HerringsJohn FastolfLorraine Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc Joan of Arc

French victory: 1415–1453 By 1428, the English were ready to pursue the war again, laying siege to Orléans. Their force was insufficient to fully invest the city, but larger French forces remained passive. In 1429, Joan of Arc convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege, saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the local troops and they attacked the English Redoubts, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strong points on the Loire. Shortly afterwards, a French army, some 8000 strong, broke through English archers at Patay with heavy cavalry, defeating a 3000 strong army commanded by John Fastolf and John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury. After Joan was captured by the Burgundians in 1430 and later sold to the English and executed, the French advance stalled in negotiations. But, in 1435, the Burgundians under Philip III switched sides, signing the Treaty of Arras and returning Paris to the King of France. By 1428, the English were ready to pursue the war again, laying siege to Orléans. Their force was insufficient to fully invest the city, but larger French forces remained passive. In 1429, Joan of Arc convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege, saying she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the local troops and they attacked the English Redoubts, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strong points on the Loire. Shortly afterwards, a French army, some 8000 strong, broke through English archers at Patay with heavy cavalry, defeating a 3000 strong army commanded by John Fastolf and John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury. After Joan was captured by the Burgundians in 1430 and later sold to the English and executed, the French advance stalled in negotiations. But, in 1435, the Burgundians under Philip III switched sides, signing the Treaty of Arras and returning Paris to the King of France.1428siege Orléansinvest1429Joan of ArcDauphinGod RedoubtsJohn FastolfJohn Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury Treaty of Arras1428siege Orléansinvest1429Joan of ArcDauphinGod RedoubtsJohn FastolfJohn Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury Treaty of Arras

The Hundred Years' War, Last Phase ( )

Significance The Hundred Years' War was a time of military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure, and the societal meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the demands of the war, partly through advancement in technology, and partly through lessons that warfare taught. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state. The conflict became one of not just English and French kings but one between the English and French peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English language The Hundred Years' War was a time of military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure, and the societal meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the demands of the war, partly through advancement in technology, and partly through lessons that warfare taught. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state. The conflict became one of not just English and French kings but one between the English and French peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English languagewarfareEnglishFrenchwarfareEnglishFrench

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