MR. PACE Animal Anatomy and Physiology
At the completion of this unit, students will be able to: A. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated with the skeletal and muscular systems B. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases in the respiratory system C. Describe the organs, function, and common associated diseases in the digestive system D. Describe the organs, function, and common associated diseases in the circulatory system E. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated with the endocrine and excretory system F. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated with the integumentary and nervous system G. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated with the immune and reproductive systems.
What’s Anatomy and Physiology?? Anatomy: Structure of a plant or an animal Physiology: Functions of living organisms and their parts. You must know what “normal” Functioning is to recognize the abnormal
Skeletal System Purpose Provide Structure and Function to the body Made up of: Bones Cartilage Connective Tissue (tendons and ligaments)
Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Head Spinal Column Ribs Appendicular Skeleton Limbs
Skeletal System Short Bone – cube shaped, found by joints and give flexibility i.e. carpus and tarsus Flat Bone – plate of bone, usually protect vital organs i.e. scapula, rib, skull Irregular Bone – complex shaped i.e. Vertebrae Sesamoid – small, seed – shaped bone i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella Long Bone – bone is longer than it is wide i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc
Skeletal System
Bone Anatomy Bone marrow Endosteum Medullar y cavity
Skeletal System Problems Fractures
Skeletal System Problems Fractures Cause: Injury Symptoms: lameness, malformation of limb Cure: Low (er) cost = Splints & Casts High cost = Surgery
Skeletal System Problems Fractures
Skeletal System Problems Fracture Repair
Skeletal System Problems Hip Dysplasia Cause: Genetic, Large breed dogs most prone Symptoms: Lameness, as young as 6-12 months old, reluctant to rise or jump Cure: Low(er) cost = Arthritis medication to control pain High Cost = Surgery
Skeletal System Problems Hip Dysplasia Normal HipYoung dog with early signs of hip dysplasia Older dog with severe hip dysplasia
Skeletal System Problems Osteosarcoma Cause: Unknown, but giant breeds are extra prone Symptoms: Lameness, abnormal shape to affected area (bone tumor) Cure: Amputation, chemotherapy No good cure
Skeletal System Problems Osteosarcoma
Skeletal System Problems Cruciate Ligament Tear Cause: Injury Symptoms: Lameness Cure: Surgery AKA: ACL Repair (in humans)
Skeletal System Problems Cruciate Ligament Tear nBt_E QZjjByg
Skeletal System Problems Arthritis Cause: Age (previous injuries increase chances of arthritis significantly) Symptoms: Lameness, difficulty getting up and down Cure: Anti inflammatory meds
Muscular System Purpose: Move the Skeleton Proper Organ Function Meat Made up of: Skeletal Muscle: Movement Cardiac Muscle: Heart Smooth Muscle: Organs
Muscular System Classifications of Muscle: Voluntary: Movement is made by choice Involuntary: Movement happens automatically
Muscular System Muscle Movement:
Muscular System Masseter Brachiocephalicus Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi External abdominal oblique Gluteals Biceps femoris Intercostal Triceps brachi Deltoid Pectorals Semitendinous Gastrocnemius
Muscular System Problems Sprains Cause: Injury Symptoms: Lameness Cure: Rest Anti inflammatory meds
Respiratory System Purpose: Provide Oxygen to blood Expel Carbon Dioxide Regulates Temperature………?? Dogs and cats pant to cool down because they can’t sweat Made up of: Nasal Cavity Trachea Lungs, Bronchi, Bronchioles Alveoli
Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory System
Respiratory System Lower Respiratory System
Respiratory System Problems Upper Respiratory Infection Cause: Bacteria or Virus Symptoms: Runny Nose, Sneezing Cure: Antibiotics **Very common in kittens
Respiratory System Problems Bordetella Cause: Virus Symptoms: Coughing Prevention: Vaccine Cure: Antibiotics can help symptoms but viruses have to run their course
Respiratory System Problems Reverse Sneeze Cause: Nasal, Pharyngeal, or sinus irritation OR brachycephalic skulls Symptoms: Rapid forced inhalation through the nose, snorting and gagging Cure: Cover the dogs nose so it has to breath through their mouth and sallow
Digestive System Purpose: Convert food into energy to live and grow Made up of: Mouth, teeth, esophagus Stomach Intestines Glands producing digestive enzymes
Monogastric Ruminant Digestive System
Monogastric Simple stomach One comartment Pig Horse Dog Cat
Digestive System Ruminants: One Stomach 4 compartments Cattle Sheep Goats Deer/Elk/Moose Giraffes
Digestive System Problems Foreign Body “Garbage Gut” Cause: Ingesting foreign material Symptoms: Vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy Cure: Surgery to remove foreign body What does your pet think tastes good?
Foreign Body “Garbage Gut”
Digestive System Problems Case Study…. Herbie, a 5-year-old, neutered basset hound, presented with a 2-day history of lethargy and intermittent vomiting. The owner had noticed a small number of pebbles in the vomitus. On physical examination, palpation revealed a slightly painful abdomen and a bean bag–like feel to the cranioventral abdomen. Abdominal radiography revealed a large amount of mineral-density, radiopaque material in the stomach, with diffuse gas and additional mineral-density opacities in areas of the intestines and colon
Digestive System Problems Case Study…..
During gastrostomy, 2 lb of pea gravel was removed! The owner later discovered that a family member had emptied a pan of grease on some outdoor gravel, and Herbie did what any red-blooded dog would do. Herbie recovered normally from surgery and is back to being the perfect basset hound
Digestive System Problems Obesity Cause: Over-eating, no exercise, table scraps Symptoms: Overweight Cure: Strict diet and exercise
Digestive System Problems Obesity What’s the danger? Arthritis Diabetes Pancreatitis Etc VideoVideo Video
Obesity