Alternatives to Sales Budgeting Process
Impact of Sales Forecasts on Budgeting Sales forecasts Sales budget Production budget Direct labor materials and overhead budgets Cost of goods sold budget Budgeted profit and loss statement Sales and administrative expense budget Revenue budget
Figure 7-2: Comparing Trend Forecasting Methods Percent rate of change forecast Unit rate of change forecast Naïve forecast Moving average forecast Time Period Sales
Fitting a Trend Regression to Seasonally Adjusted Sales Data Y = X Sales Time Period
Forecasting with Moving Averages Actual sales Seasonally adjusted sales Two-period moving average forecast seasonally corrected Three-period moving average forecast seasonally corrected Two-period moving average forecastThree-period moving average forecast F 3 = ( S 1 + S 2 ) x I 3 F 4 = ( S 1 + S 2 + S 3 ) x I = ( ) x 1.16 = 78.3 = ( ) x 0.97 = Time Periods
Relations Among Market Potential, Industry Sales, and Company Sales Company forecast Actual Forecast Custom time period Industry forecast Industry Sales Market potential Company potential Basic demand gap Company demand gap
Percentage Percentage of of FirmsPercentage of Firms that That Use Firms No MethodsUse Regularly Occasionally Longer Used Subjective Sales force composite 44.8% 17.2% 13.4% Jury of executive opinion Intention to buy survey Extrapolation Naïve Moving Average Percent rate of change Leading indicators Unit rate of change Exponential smoothing Line extension Quantitative Multiple regressing Econometric Simple regression Box-Jenkins Utilization of Sales Forecasting Methods of 134 Firms
2001 Effective2001 Total Buying IncomeRetail Sales Total Population Percentage Percentage Percentage Buying Amount of United Amount of United Amount of United Power ($000,000) States ($000,000) States (000) States Index Total United States $4,436, % $2,241, % 262, % Sacramento Metro 25, % 12, % 1, % Data Used to Calculate Buying Power Index
(1) (2) Production Number of Machines Market NAIC Employees Used per 1000 Potential Code Industry (1000) Workers (1 x 2) 204 Grain milling Bakery Products Beverages Estimating the Market Potential for Food Machinery in North Carolina
Calculating a Seasonal Index from Historical Sales Data Four-year Quarterly Seasonal Quarter Average Index Four-year sales of 1268/16 = average quarterly sales Year