Municipal Waste as a Viable Fuel Dr Robert Eden Technical Director PT NOEI

CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION GALFAD - An Integrated Waste Disposal Concept Anaerobic digestion Landfill gas utilisation Thermal waste treatment             1992- Company founded 1994- Full scale pilot plant built at Finham 1997- Successful trials on variety of wastes and emissions completed at Finham 1998- Tests of feed mechanisms at Bristol 1999- Funding secured for commercial plant 2000- Building and construction of first commercial plant 2001- May- Start of commercial operations on MSW 2001- August- Clinical waste processing starts

An integrated waste management system GALFAD GALFAD An integrated waste management system

GA – Gasification (pyrolysis) LF – LandFill gas GALFAD GA – Gasification (pyrolysis) LF – LandFill gas AD – Anaerobic digestion

MSW PATHWAY OPTIONS

Wet- waste to anaerobic digestion Dry-waste to pyrolysis GALFAD Separation Wet- waste to anaerobic digestion Dry-waste to pyrolysis Bio-solids to compost Biogas and syngas to electricity

SEPARATION

SEPARATION

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION Anaerobic digestion is a biological process for converting organic materials into a combustible gas It normally takes place in a wet environment and in the absence of any air Organic materials are broken down to produce methane and carbon dioxide

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

LANDFILL GAS UTILISATION Puchong LFS -Malaysia

Landfill gas power station Xing Feng LFS - China

Fuel skids

PYROLYSIS / GASIFICATION

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

PROCESS DESCRIPTION Feed Preparation Pyrolysis Gasification Oxidation Energy Recovery Flue Gas Clean Up materials recovery Boiler Sodium Bicarbonate WASTE cyclonic separator particulates >10 microns bypass damper Bag Filter compacting air lock Condenser Turbine Ammonia 1250°C DeNOx Catalyst Electricity Heat Stack air bottom ash steam Fuel (warm-up only) air carbon recycling

General layout of an MT2 unit Waste Heat Boiler Waste Feed Pyrolysis Tubes Emissions Abatement Thermal Oxidation Pyrolysis & Gasification

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Typical results for clinical, pharmaceutical and other wastes mg/Nm3 11% 02@ 273K & 101.3kPa EU Directive Limits s: spot / d:daily ½ hour Compact Power Particulates 10 (d) 30 0.2 VOC’s as carbon 20 Trace NO (NO + NO2) 200 (d) 400 <37 HCl 60 2 HF 1 (d) 4 <0.1 SO2 50 (d) 200 < 2.5 CO 150 Cd & Tl 0.05 (s) 0.006 Mercury Pb Cr Cu Mn Ni As Sb Co V Sn 0.5 (s) Dioxins TEQ ng/Nm3 0.1 (s) <0.003 N2O 30 (d) NH3 < 1

ACCEPTABLE WASTE TYPES refuse derived fuel (RDF) clinical waste municipal solid waste (MSW) dried sludge shredded tyres commercial waste

Summary Every site is unique Of critical importance is the specific waste composition and in particular the moisture content 100 tonnes per day of feedstock (typically 175 tonnes per day of waste) will generate 2.5 MW of power

GALFAD