Career Decision-Making Discuss: Discuss: Three approaches to CDM Three approaches to CDM D. Tiedeman’s Process Approach D. Tiedeman’s Process Approach A. Tiedeman’s Spiritual Approach A. Tiedeman’s Spiritual Approach G. Peterson’s Cognitive Approach G. Peterson’s Cognitive Approach Video Clip Video Clip Class Activities Class Activities

Introduction to Career Decision-Making Approaches Descriptive (2)- Descriptive (2)- Describes/explains the choices that an individual makes when deciding on career choices Describes/explains the choices that an individual makes when deciding on career choices Tend to be based on studies of adolescent or adult decision making Tend to be based on studies of adolescent or adult decision making (Sharf, pg. 374) (Sharf, pg. 374)

Introduction to Career Decision-Making Approaches Prescriptive (1)- Prescriptive (1)- Focus on an ideal approach to decision making Focus on an ideal approach to decision making Originate with psychological decision-making theory or observations of cognitive decision making processes. Originate with psychological decision-making theory or observations of cognitive decision making processes. **The above categories lead to 2 extremely different ways of viewing career decision making** **The above categories lead to 2 extremely different ways of viewing career decision making** (Sharf, pg. 374) (Sharf, pg. 374)

Tiedeman’s Perspective Influenced by: Influenced by: White’s individualistic approach White’s individualistic approach Erickson’s study of ego Dvlpmnt Erickson’s study of ego Dvlpmnt Super and Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma’s developmental approach, Super and Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma’s developmental approach, to career development. Worked closely with O’Hara Worked closely with O’Hara (Sharf, pg. 376) (Sharf, pg. 376)

Tiedeman’s Perspective (cont’d) Gradual Development and Commitment to choice in two stages: Gradual Development and Commitment to choice in two stages: Anticipation (4 stages): Anticipation (4 stages): Exploration- unsystematic leads Exploration- unsystematic leads Crystallization- definition of thought Crystallization- definition of thought Choice- (un)conscious awareness Choice- (un)conscious awareness Clarification- time to reassess Clarification- time to reassess (Sharf, pg ) (Sharf, pg )

Tiedeman’s Perspective (cont’d) Adjusting (3 stages): Adjusting (3 stages): Induction- implements choice Induction- implements choice Reformation- belonging vs rejection Reformation- belonging vs rejection Integration- normalcy sets in Integration- normalcy sets in (Sharf, pg. 380) (Sharf, pg. 380) Research (pg 381) Research (pg 381)

Spirituality Life is one’s career; a career is not a job. Life is one’s career; a career is not a job. Each individual is his or her own theory maker. Each individual is his or her own theory maker. (Sharf, 2002, pg ) (Sharf, 2002, pg )

Spirituality- Personal & Common Realities Personal reality refers to an individual’s sense of what is right. Personal reality refers to an individual’s sense of what is right. Common reality is what others say the individual should do. Common reality is what others say the individual should do. (Sharf, 2002, pg ) (Sharf, 2002, pg )

Spirituality Change- change is inevitable, occurring at many times throughout one’s life career. Change- change is inevitable, occurring at many times throughout one’s life career. Balance- circumstances in our lives cause us to seek a balance among the many roles that we may play. Balance- circumstances in our lives cause us to seek a balance among the many roles that we may play. Energy- in order to bring about change and balance in one’s life there must be energy. Energy- in order to bring about change and balance in one’s life there must be energy. (Sharf, 2002, pg ) (Sharf, 2002, pg )

Spirituality (continued) Community- there are three types of communities that individuals are likely to participate in: communities of companionship, communities of culture and the cosmic community. Community- there are three types of communities that individuals are likely to participate in: communities of companionship, communities of culture and the cosmic community. Calling- refers to finding one’s ideal work. Calling- refers to finding one’s ideal work. (Sharf, 2002, pg ) (Sharf, 2002, pg )

Spirituality (continued) Harmony- finding the work that will bring about a true sense of appreciation and understanding. Harmony- finding the work that will bring about a true sense of appreciation and understanding. Unity- unity of career refers to feeling a sense of flow or being totally involved in one’s work, to be a part of the work, not apart from it. Unity- unity of career refers to feeling a sense of flow or being totally involved in one’s work, to be a part of the work, not apart from it. (Sharf, 2002, pg ) (Sharf, 2002, pg )

Cognitive Approach A. Gary Peterson, James Samson, Robert Reardon, and Janet Lenz A. Gary Peterson, James Samson, Robert Reardon, and Janet Lenz B. The Pyramid of Information Processing (pg.393) B. The Pyramid of Information Processing (pg.393) 1. Knowledge Domains 1. Knowledge Domains Self-Knowledge Self-Knowledge Occupational Knowledge Occupational Knowledge 2. Decision-Making Skills Domain 2. Decision-Making Skills Domain A. CASVE (pg.397) A. CASVE (pg.397) (Sharf, 2002, pg ) (Sharf, 2002, pg )

Cognitive Approach (cont’d) 3. Executive Processing Domain 3. Executive Processing Domain A. Self-Talk A. Self-Talk B. Self-Awareness B. Self-Awareness C. Monitoring and Control C. Monitoring and Control C. Career Thoughts Inventory C. Career Thoughts Inventory 1. Decision-Making Confusion 1. Decision-Making Confusion 2. External Conflict 2. External Conflict 3. Commitment Anxiety 3. Commitment Anxiety (Sharf, 2002, pg ) (Sharf, 2002, pg )

Cognitive Approach- 7-step Service Delivery Sequence Initial interview Initial interview Preliminary Assessment Preliminary Assessment Define problem and analyze causes Define problem and analyze causes Formulate goals Formulate goals Develop individual learning plan Develop individual learning plan Execute individual learning plan Execute individual learning plan Summative review and generalization Summative review and generalization (Sharf, 2002, pg 404-5) (Sharf, 2002, pg 404-5)

Career Decision-Making Approaches: Applied to Women & Diverse Cultures Lack of research offers little information Lack of research offers little information Spiritual and Cognitive Counselors would try to apply their approach to all genders & cultures. Spiritual and Cognitive Counselors would try to apply their approach to all genders & cultures. Potential for research Potential for research (Sharf, 2002, pg 407) (Sharf, 2002, pg 407)

Video Clip – Nothing to Lose Career Decision-Making Related Career Decision-Making Related Did you hear positive or negative self-talk? What was it? Did you hear positive or negative self-talk? What was it? Do you think he has a personal or common reality? Do you think he has a personal or common reality? Later in the movie, he finds a job that is in the field of computers!! Later in the movie, he finds a job that is in the field of computers!! Provide a bit of Comic-Relief Provide a bit of Comic-Relief Activities Activities Video Clip – Nothing to Lose

Cognitive Decision Making 1. Separate into three groups. 1. Separate into three groups. 2. One group member will take on the role of client, and the rest of the group will be counselors. 2. One group member will take on the role of client, and the rest of the group will be counselors. 3. Client is to improvise as needed. 3. Client is to improvise as needed. 4. Counselors- this is the third session, and rapport has been established. 4. Counselors- this is the third session, and rapport has been established. 5. Help client become aware and explore negative self- talk. ex: "I am a loser." 5. Help client become aware and explore negative self- talk. ex: "I am a loser." "When one is aware of one's decision making, negative self-talk can be labeled and then changed” (Sharf, 402). "When one is aware of one's decision making, negative self-talk can be labeled and then changed” (Sharf, 402).

Spiritual Decision Making Personal reality refers to an individual’s sense of what is right. Personal reality refers to an individual’s sense of what is right. Common reality is what others say the individual should do. Common reality is what others say the individual should do. 1. Get into groups of two and discuss your own personal and common realities. 2. Class processing of conclusions.

Process Presentation Review: Review: Questions from Video: Questions from Video: Did you hear positive or negative self-talk? What was it? Did you hear positive or negative self-talk? What was it? Do you think he has a personal or common reality? Do you think he has a personal or common reality? Later in the movie, he finds a job that is in the field of computers!! Later in the movie, he finds a job that is in the field of computers!! Reason for Activity Reason for Activity