Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR First Aid Course By Dr. Hanan Said Ali Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR First Aid Course By Dr. Hanan Said Ali

Learning Objectives: ** Define CPR ** State causes of CPR ** List the clinical manifestation of respiratory and cardiac arrest ** Perform CPR for adult arrested person ** Perform CPR for arrested child ** Perform CPR for arrested infant ** Identify Precautions for Rescuers ** List Complications of CPR

What Is CPR?  Cardio means "of the heart" and pulmonary means "of the lungs." Resuscitation is a medical word that means "to revive" — or bring back to life.heartlungs  Sometimes CPR can help a person who has stopped breathing, and whose heart may have stopped beating, to stay alive.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Is a lifesaving technique in many emergencies, CPR involves a combination of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and chest compression that keeps oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm.

 When the heart stops, the absence of oxygenated blood can cause irreparable brain damage in only a few minutes. * Death will occur within eight to ten minutes. Time is critical when you're helping an unconscious person who isn't breathing.

 Someone can stop breathing and/or have cardiac arrest from: * Heart attacks * Strokes (when the blood flow to a part of the brain suddenly stops) * Choking on something that blocks the entire airway * Near-drowning incidents (when someone is under water for too long and stops breathing)

* A very bad neck, head, or back injury * Severe electrical shocks (like from touching a power line) * Being very sick from a serious infection * Too much bleeding *Severe allergic reactions allergic

 Clinical Manifestation Of Cardiopulmonary Arrest: 1- Loss of consciousness. 2-Stopage of breathing. 3-Stopage of heart beats. 4-Dilated pupils. 5- Pale and cyanotic skin.

Before you begin * Assess the situation before starting CPR: --Is the person conscious or unconscious? If the person appears unconscious tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"

If the person doesn't respond: call ambulance (or your local emergency number), or have someone else do it. If you're alone and the victim is an infant or a child age 1 to 8 who needs CPR: perform two minutes of CPR before calling for help.

Steps Of CPR Include the ABCs AIR WAY CIRCULATIO N BREATHIG

A-AIRWAY: Clear the airway * Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface. * Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders. * Open the person's airway using the head tilt-chin lift. * Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently push down. * Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.

* Check for normal breathing, taking no more than 10 seconds: Look for chest motion, listen for breath sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and ear. Do not consider gasping to be normal breathing. If the person isn't breathing normally or you aren't sure, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing.

B-BREATHING: Breathe for the person Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened. * With the airway open (using the head tilt-chin lift), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal.

* Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and watch to see if the chest rises. * If it does rise, give the second breath. * If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head tilt- chin lift and th en give the second breath.

C-CIRCULATION: Restore blood circulation. *Check the pulse on carotid artery

C-CIRCULATION: Restore blood circulation (Cont.) * Place the heel of one hand over the centre of the person's chest between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. * Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands. C-CIRCULATION: Restore blood circulation (Cont.) * Place the heel of one hand over the centre of the person's chest between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. * Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands.

* Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the chest 3 to 5 cm. Push hard and push fast — give two compressions per second, or about 100 compressions per minute.

* After 30 compressions, tilt the head back and lift the chin up to open the airway. * Prepare to give two rescue breaths. * After 30 compressions, tilt the head back and lift the chin up to open the airway. * Prepare to give two rescue breaths. * Release the pressure without removing your Hands from his chest.

* Pinch the nose shut and breathe into the mouth for one second. * If the chest rises, give a second rescue breath. * If the chest doesn’t rise, repeat the head tilt-chin lift and then give the second rescue breath

Instead of doing mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing, professional rescuers — such as paramedics — will provide artificial breathing for someone by using a mask with a special hand pump connected to an oxygen tank.

To perform CPR on a child: The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through 8 is essentially the same as that for an adult. The differences are as follows:

* Perform five cycles of compressions and breaths on the child, this should take about two minutes before calling ambulance or the local emergency number, unless someone else can call while you attend to the child.

* Use only one hand to perform heart compressions at the deep of (2.5-3cm) * Breathe more gently. * Use the same compression/breath rate as is used for adults: 30 compressions followed by two breaths. This is one cycle. Continue until the victim moves or help arrives.

To perform CPR on a baby: 1. Shout and Tap Shout and gently tap the child on the shoulder. If there is no response, position the infant on his or her back

2. Open The Airway Open the airway using a head tilt lifting of chin. Do not tilt the head too far back

3. Give 2 Gentle Breaths If the baby is NOT breathing give 2 small gentle breaths. Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth. Each breath should be 1 second long. You should see the baby's chest rise with each breath. 3. Give 2 Gentle Breaths If the baby is NOT breathing give 2 small gentle breaths. Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth. Each breath should be 1 second long. You should see the baby's chest rise with each breath.

4. Give 30 Compressions Give 30 gentle chest compressions at the rate of 100 per minute (Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions). Use two or three fingers in the centre of the chest just below the nipples. Press down approximately cm depth of the chest. 4. Give 30 Compressions Give 30 gentle chest compressions at the rate of 100 per minute (Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions). Use two or three fingers in the centre of the chest just below the nipples. Press down approximately cm depth of the chest.

5. Repeat with 2 breath and 30 compressions. After two minutes of repeated cycles call ambulance and continue giving breaths and compressions

Precautions for Rescuers ** Do not give chest compressions if the victim has a pulse. (cause the heart to stop beating). ** Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink. ** Avoid moving the victim's head or neck if spinal injury is a possibility.

** The person should be left as found if breathing freely. ** Do not slap the victim's face, or throw water on the face, to try and revive the person. ** Do not place a pillow under the victim's head. Precautions for Rescuers cont..

Complications of CPR * Gastric distention due to artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth * Fracture ribs * Hemothorax * Penumothorax * Abdominal organs laceration