Knowledge Development One Question 1 Question 6 Question 2 Question 7 Rescue - Knowledge Review One Question 3 Question 8 Question 4 Question 9 Question 5 Question 10 Prescriptive

Knowledge Review One – Question 1 What is the most common cause of diver emergencies? Poor judgment. Rescue - Knowledge Review One B. The Psychology of Rescue What is the most common cause of diver emergencies? 1. An emergency can happen to anyone in or around the water, regardless of how good a diver the person is. Trouble can arise without warning due to medical conditions, sudden changes in the environment or an unexpected variable that no one can reasonably foresee. 2. The most common cause of diver emergencies, however, is poor judgment. Remember that planning a dive is, in part, a risk assessment. Failing to use good judgment when assessing risk can lead to diver emergencies. a. Divers may choose to participate in diving activities beyond their experience or education. b. Divers may make poor decisions during a dive, such as disregarding worsening dive conditions or a seemingly trivial equipment malfunction. c. Divers may skip equipment safety checks or basic dive planning. d. Noting poor judgment may give you the opportunity to intervene before an accident occurs. 3. It’s important to recognize the cause of an accident so you don’t make the same mistakes as those who need your help. 4. Do not risk your life. Prescriptive

Knowledge Review One – Question 2 List the three things to consider before attempting an inwater rescue. 1. Do you need to enter the water at all? 2. Do you have the equipment and training necessary for your safety and the victim’s safety? 3. Can you reasonably expect to accomplish the rescue without getting into trouble yourself? Rescue - Knowledge Review One What three things should you consider before attempting an inwater rescue of someone in the water? a. Knowing how to help others in the water is important. Always act safely to reduce the risk of becoming a victim yourself. 1. If a diver or person needs rescue, first consider whether you need to enter the water at all. If you can extend a line or pole to the person or aid via a boat, that’s always better. b. If inwater rescue is required, consider whether you have the equipment and training necessary. c. If inwater rescue is required, consider whether you can reasonably expect to accomplish the rescue without getting into trouble yourself. Prescriptive

Knowledge Review One – Question 3 What is diver stress? Explain what effects stress can produce in a diver and how perceptual narrowing relates to these effects. Stress is defined as a physical or mental tension that results in physical, chemical and/or emotional (psychological) changes in the body. As stress increases, a diver may experience perceptual narrowing – a decrease in broad awareness. Perceptual narrowing may reduce the ability to look for the real problem or alternate solutions, or to perceive other problems arising. Rescue - Knowledge Review One C. Recognizing Diver Stress What is diver stress? 1. Stress is defined as physical or mental tension that results in physical, chemical or emotional changes in the body. Stress can induce both positive or negative reactions. For example, it energizes you to a higher level in a race or causes you to freeze when confronted with something frightening. 2. The primary ingredients and sequence of a stress situation are: a. Initial cause – an incident, thought, image, fear, perception, etc. b. Diver’s disposition – whether the cause is viewed as positive, negative or insignificant. c. How the diver deals with stress. Healthy responses include canceling the dive, getting more information, taking steps to eliminate the cause, etc. Problematic responses include denial or rationalization, magnifying a fear through preoccupation (worry) and blind, instinctive response (panic). What are seven causes and examples of physical stress? 3. Divers sometimes fail to recognize the effects of physical discomfort. Even minor annoyances can cause stress and if left uncorrected, can lead to more serious problems. 4. Causes and examples of physical stress include: a. Cold and heat b. Seasickness c. Nitrogen narcosis d. Fatigue e. Illness or injury f. Alcohol or drugs g. Discomfort or impaired function caused by ill-fitted or malfunctioning equipment What are three examples of psychological (emotional) stress caused by physical stress? 5. Psychological stress often results from physical stress. Physical stress can also result from psychological stress. 6. Possible examples of emotional (psychological) stress caused by physical stress include: a. Fatigue – may cause the diver to fear whether he’ll make it back to the boat. b. Overexertion – may cause the diver to breathe air faster and to fear that he might run out of air. c. Task loading – the diver becomes faced with more tasks to manage than the diver is physically capable of handling, such as being unable to inflate the BCD at the surface while over weighted by a heavy object and unable to breathe due to surface chop while swimming against a current. What are four causes of psychological stress other than physical stress? 7. Psychological stress results when divers perceive a threat to their safety or well being. 8. Possible causes of psychological threat include: a. Individual beliefs and attitudes, including expense of dive – expense and travel time may cause pressure to dive even though the diver would rather not. b. Task loading (mental) c. Peer pressure (threat to self image) – the diver may make the dive to avoid looking like a coward or to avoid peer pressure. d. Perception that risk is greater than normal 9. Psychological stress stimuli can be either real or imagined. However, the stress that results is very real to the diver experiencing it. What is perceptual narrowing? 10. When the body prepares for emergency action, it releases epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline). This increases the breathing rate, which when using dive gear can cause decreased breathing efficiency. This may feel like suffocation or air starvation to the diver, which can lead to panic. 11. A diver under high stress (especially one who panics) may experience perceptual narrowing – a decrease in broad awareness through close focus on a perceived problem or a single (ineffective) response. Perceptual narrowing reduces the diver’s ability to see other solutions or to perceive other potential problems arising. What effects can stress produce in a diver? [Have student divers reference the Stress Management Chart in their PADI Rescue Diver Manual.] 12. When a problem arises, the diver feels stress. 13. Stress evokes a physical and psychological response. 14. Depending on the diver’s disposition, the stress can either cause anxiety or help the diver to recognize the problem and begin formulating a plan to correct it. 15. If the diver fails to react or the reaction doesn’t solve the problem, the diver’s anxiety may increase and stress may continue to increase. The next step in the cycle depends upon the diver’s state of mind and training. 16. If the diver’s reaction does not solve the problem and the diver feels unable to correct the problem, the result may be sudden, unreasoned, instinctive panic, and the need for rescue. Panic takes two forms: a. Active behavior – mask off, regulator/snorkel out, grabbing, struggling or bolting. b. Passive behavior – frozen, trancelike, unaware or unresponsive. 17. If the diver’s reaction does not solve the problem but the diver remains confident that the problem can be solved, panic may be avoided. If the diver stops, breathes, thinks, and then takes alternative corrective action, panic is not immediately likely. 18. Whether an individual will panic depends upon individual factors, such as how much threat the person perceives from the situation, and how much control the person feels to remedy the situation. The more threat and helplessness perceived, the more likely the diver will panic. The less threat and the more control the diver perceives, the less likely the diver will panic and the more likely the diver will apply solution thinking. Training, staying within experience limits and personal disposition are the major factors for avoiding panic. Prescriptive

Knowledge Review One – Question 4 What are four advantages of a pocket mask? 1. Simplifies getting an effective seal and head positioning. 2. Reduces worries about disease transmission. 3. One of the most effective ways to provide inwater rescue breathing for a non-breathing diver. 4. You can connect a pocket mask to emergency oxygen to provide oxygenated air with your breaths. Rescue - Knowledge Review One What is a pocket mask? f. A pocket mask (a.k.a. resuscitator mask or CPR mask) used for rescue breathing. What are four advantages of a pocket mask? 1. Simplifies getting an effective seal and head positioning 2. Reduces worries about disease transmission between you and the injured party 3. Improves inwater rescue breathing effectiveness for rescuing a nonbreathing diver (you’ll practice using the pocket mask during your rescue training sessions). 4. May be connected to continuous flow oxygen to provide nonbreathing diver with oxygenated rescue breaths [Explain that they’ll use a pocket mask during their rescue training sessions and during their Open Water Rescue Scenarios. Encourage divers to obtain a pocket mask for their personal dive kits.] Prescriptive

Knowledge Review One – Question 5 What are the two types of emergency oxygen systems recommended for rescue divers? How do these systems differ? Nonresuscitator demand valve units and continuous flow units. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Nonresuscitator demand valve unit. Continuous flow unit. Oxygen flows only when the diver inhales. Releases oxygen continuously. Minimizes oxygen waste. More wasteful of oxygen. Can deliver nearly 100% oxygen. Can deliver more than 90% oxygen. Used with a breathing diver. Used with a diver who has difficulty breathing. What are the three primary types of emergency oxygen systems? b. The three main types of oxygen delivery units available include positive pressure (a.k.a. power resuscitation), continuous flow and nonresuscitator demand valve. 1. The PADI Rescue Diver course teaches you the basics of supplying oxygen to breathing and nonbreathing divers. 2. You can learn more about oxygen system use in more advanced diver emergency courses and specialized courses with extra detail on providing oxygen. 3. The focus at this level is effective, community standard, emergency oxygen first aid until emergency medical services personnel arrive. How do the three primary types of emergency oxygen systems differ? c. Positive pressure units require professional training and certification. Used improperly, these units can cause injury. They’re not considered appropriate for lay rescuers. d. Continuous flow units consist of a supply cylinder and a regulator that delivers oxygen continuously in a steady flow. This is one of the types of oxygen systems recommended for PADI Rescue Divers. They have drawbacks and benefits. 1. One primary drawback is that they don’t deliver 100 percent oxygen to the injured diver because the oxygen mixes with air before the diver breathes it. This results in a lower percentage of delivered oxygen and is somewhat wasteful. 2. Another drawback is that these units are wasteful because they flow oxygen at all times, even when the diver is not inhaling. 3. Continuous flow is important, however, for use with a pocket mask to provide a nonbreathing diver with a higher oxygen concentration during rescue breathing. 4. Continuous flow is also important for a very weak breathing diver who cannot tolerate a nonresuscitator demand valve system. e. The nonresuscitator demand valve unit consists of a cylinder and regulator that supplies 100 percent oxygen on inhalation, similar to a scuba regulator. This is the primary oxygen system recommended for use by rescue divers. 1. Provides the highest concentration of oxygen to the injured diver. 2. Does not waste oxygen and therefore maximizes the supply duration. 3. Suitable for accidents in which the diver is breathing. 4. Most nonresuscitator demand valve units also have a continuous flow setting, and can be used in that setting for nonbreathing or very weak divers. Which two types of emergency oxygen systems are recommended for use by rescue divers? d. Continuous flow units consist of a supply cylinder and a regulator that delivers oxygen continuously in a steady flow. This is one of the types of oxygen systems recommended for use by rescue divers. They have drawbacks and benefits. e. The nonresuscitator demand valve unit consists of a cylinder and regulator that supplies 100 percent oxygen on inhalation, similar to a scuba regulator. This is the primary oxygen system recommended for use by rescue divers.. Prescriptive i

Knowledge Review One – Question 6 What are the six basic steps for emergency management? 1. Assess the situation. 2. Act on your plan. 3. Delegate. 4. Attend to injuries. 5. Control the scene. 6. Arrange evacuation to medical care. Rescue - Knowledge Review One What are the six basic steps for emergency management? e. Before all else, be ready to act: 1. Anticipate what, where and when problems are most likely to occur. 2. Devise plans to handle those situations. 3. Identify hazards likely to lead to an emergency or complicate a rescue. f. Step One – If an emergency arises, assess the situation. 1. Stop, breathe, and think. Stop and look at the situation – who is involved, where is it happening, what do you have available to assist you? Then, think about the best solution and get ready to act on your plan. 2. Because every emergency is unique – you must be flexible and adapt to changing factors. g. Step Two – act on your plan. 1. If you assume the role of emergency manager, take charge and quickly implement a plan of action by directing others. 2. If you are assisting a more qualified diver, carry out tasks as appropriate. h. Step Three – delegate. There are many tasks that others can do. If possible, assign tasks or delegate responsibilities to other divers or bystanders as appropriate. Assignments may include: 1. Calling for help 2. Assisting other rescuers 3. Observing the victim or directing inwater rescuers 4. Taking notes 5. Accounting for all those not involved in the rescue 6. Controlling bystanders i. Step Four – attend to injuries after the victim is out of the water. 1. Follow the protocols you learned in your Emergency First Response training, beginning with a primary assessment and continuing with a secondary assessment (injury/illness) if no life threatening conditions are discovered. 2. In more serious accidents, you may need to provide Basic Life Support (BLS) and other primary care until relieved by medical personnel. 3. Contact the Divers Alert Network (DAN) or other local diver emergency medical service for information about first aid and to begin preparation for recompression (if needed). 4. You may delegate first aid to qualified people present. j. Step Five – if sufficient help is available, your best role may be to coordinate activities or administrate. This may include: 1. Providing evacuation personnel with appropriate information regarding the injured diver and accident. The PADI Accident Management Workslate was designed for this purpose. 2. Obtaining contact information from all those involved in the rescue or who witnessed the accident. 3. Making arrangements to contact the diver’s family. 4. Submitting an incident report to local authorities, if appropriate. k. Step Six – arrange for evacuation of the injured diver in more serious dive accidents. 1. Get the patient into the care of the local Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Dive accident patients require medical stabilization and support prior to and during chamber treatment. 2. If asked for, provide information about dive accident care so that medical personnel understand the nature of the injury/illness and requirements for care. 3. Provide DAN or other local diver emergency service the location and contact information for where the patient is taken. Prescriptive i

Knowledge Review One – Question 7 What five skills increase your self-rescue abilities? What should you do when you encounter a problem while diving? Stop. Breathe. Think. Act. 1. Good buoyancy control. 2. Proper airway control. 3. Cramp removal. 4. Handling air depletion. 5. Responding to vertigo. Rescue - Knowledge Review One What are five skills that increase your self-rescue abilities? f. There are at least five skills that will increase your ability to rescue yourself if a problem arises. 1. Good buoyancy control helps you avoid struggling to maintain your position either at the surface or underwater. It also helps you stay off the bottom, reducing risk of aquatic life injuries, while protecting aquatic life from damage. 2. Proper airway control allows you to breathe past small amounts of water in your regulator or snorkel, thus avoiding choking. 3. Proficiency at cramp removal may stop the pain of a cramp from escalating into a bigger problem. 4. Handling air-depletion is something you practiced in your entry level course. To handle an out-of-air emergency without buddy assistance, consider having an independent alternate air source such as a pony bottle or self-contained ascent bottle. 5. Responding correctly to vertigo prevents an unpleasant experience from becoming a serious problem. • Vertigo is losing your sense of balance and orientation, and can cause nausea as well as stress. • Reestablish your sense of orientation by making contact with a fixed object. • If that’s not possible, watch your bubbles and consult your depth gauge for up-and-down orientation and whether you’re rising or descending. Hugging yourself may also help. Prescriptive i

Knowledge Review One – Question 8 What are the signs and behaviors that indicate a diver may have a problem at the surface? Compare and contrast the characteristics of tired divers versus panicked divers. Problem at Surface Tired Diver Panicked Diver Distress signals. Adequately manages stress. Fails to establish buoyancy and swims to exhaustion. Struggling on or just below the surface. Asks for help and responds to directions. Abandons rational responses. High treading or kicking. Doesn’t reject equipment. Reacts through instinct and fear. Rejecting equipment. Usually assists efforts. Tends to reject equipment. Clinging or clamoring. Often recovers quickly. Overwhelmed. Not moving. Eyes wide and unseeing. Does not respond to you. Rescue - Knowledge Review One 2. Recognizing Rescue Situations What signs and behaviors indicate a diver may have a problem at the surface? a. The signs exhibited by a diver needing assistance are often subtle. An exhausted diver at the surface may suddenly and quietly slip under for no apparent reason. A diver with a problem will often fail to ask for help. b. It is possible that ego threat may keep a diver from expressing anxiety, illness, or other distress to dive buddies or to others. c. Scuba diving equipment often conceals facial expressions and other gestures that indicate stress or anxiety, and it reduces the possibility of verbal communication. d. Signs of distress often are not always easy to recognize, but consider the following behaviors as trouble indicators: 1. Giving distress signals – raising one arm, whistling, yelling for help, and so on. 2. Struggling on or just below the surface, especially with vigorous arm swimming. 3. High treading or finning with sufficient vigor to lift a portion of the body and equipment out of the water. 4. Rejecting equipment by pushing off the mask and/or the regulator mouth piece, or both. 5. Clinging and clambering (pulling the body toward the high point of any object on the surface). 6. Not moving – apparent unresponsiveness. What are the characteristics that indicate a tired diver? e. Responsive divers who need help at the surface may be either tired divers or panicked divers. Watch for these characteristics because they affect your safety and how you assist them. 1. Tired divers – These are divers with a problem, but who are adequately managing stress. Generally, tired divers: • Ask for help. • Respond to directions or questions. • Do not reject their equipment. • Can assist with efforts to help them. • Are called “tired” but may actually have a cramp, some injury or other problem, but are still in control. What are the characteristics that indicate a panicked diver? 2. Panicked divers – These are divers with a problem who have become overwhelmed by stress and unreasoned fear. They’ve abandoned rational responses and react entirely through instinct and fear. Generally, panicked divers: • Reject their equipment (mask on forehead, regulator and snorkel out of mouth). • Fail to establish buoyancy and swim vigorously with arms until exhausted. • Do not respond to commands or questions. • Fixate on a single, ineffective response to the problem. • Will climb on anything or anyone to get above or out of the water. • Will do little to help themselves. • A tired diver when you start your rescue can become a panicked diver before you finish. You must constantly assess the victim so you can alter your rescue technique accordingly. Prescriptive

Knowledge Review One – Question 9 Why does the rescuer’s safety take priority over the distressed diver’s safety? With that in mind what four types of rescues should you consider before an inwater rescue? You can’t help a victim if you’re in trouble. If you become a victim, it divides the remaining rescue resources between you and the original victim. 1. Reaching and extension assists. 2. Throwing assists. 3. Wading assists. 4. Watercraft assists. Rescue - Knowledge Review One 3. Nonswimming Assists and Rescues Why does the rescuer’s safety take priority over the distressed diver’s safety in an emergency situation? a. Once you recognize that there is an emergency, you need to determine how to act and do so. This is not as simple as it sounds. 1. Your first goal is to stay safe yourself. Rushing into the water to help another diver may lead you to becoming a victim, too. 2. This is for the victim’s well being as well as your own: • You cannot help the victim if you’re in trouble, too. • If you get in trouble, then the rescue resources at hand immediately must divide to help two instead of concentrating to help one. • Although you may take on some more risk than you otherwise might to assist someone, if you’re not reasonably confident you can stay safe, it is usually a better strategy to not attempt a rescue and instead summon additional help. 3. Only after you reasonably ensure your safety do you help the victim. What are the four types of nonswimming rescues you can use to help a diver at the surface? b. Getting in the water to perform a rescue should be your last response. It is generally faster and safer to assist from a stable position on a boat or shore. These include reaching, extension, and throwing assists from the pool deck, pier, boat deck, or from shore, wading assists in water no higher than chest deep or watercraft assists if you have a boat available. 1. Reaching and extension assists – Reaching assists, although limited to rescues only a metre/few feet from the pool deck or dock, play an important role. • Lie on the pool deck or dock to establish a stable position. Spread your legs apart to increase stability, keeping your center of mass centered over a wide base. • Extend only one arm over the water. Grasp the diver’s arm or a piece of equipment. • Reaching assists can also be made in the water. Maintain eye contact and distance from the diver experiencing difficulty and slip into the water. Establish a firm grasp on a ladder, the side of the pool, or a dock support. Then extend your other arm or a leg to the diver. If the diver is too far away to use a reaching assist, consider an extension assist. Use a piece of clothing or equipment for a quick extension. Remember to establish a firm base of support with your legs spread and your weight low and away from the victim. 2. Throwing assists – If the distance to a victim is beyond the range of an extension assist, and if the necessary equipment is available, the next best option is the throwing assist. • The key to success is throwing accuracy, and the key to accuracy is preparation and practice. • A rescue bag, a ring buoy with a line, a heaving line (a line with a weighted knot on the end), or a heaving jug (a line tied to a plastic gallon jug with a small amount of water in it for weight) are all acceptable throwing devices. [Have students design and make their own throwing assists to try out during rescue training sessions.] 3. Wading assists – A wading assist is more dangerous than other nonswimming assists because you must enter the water. Use a wading assist when the victim is too far away for a reach or extension assist, or you have nothing for a throwing assist, but the victim is reachable from water that allows you to go in no further than chest-deep. • Move into the water no more than chest deep. • Assume a stable position with one foot forward and one foot back and your weight shifted away from the diver. • Extend a rescue aid to the diver and after he has grabbed it, slowly walk to safety. Talk to the diver as you walk. • Do not attempt in very cold water unless wearing appropriate exposure protection. 4. Watercraft assists – If you can’t reach, throw or wade to the victim and you have a small boat or other watercraft available, use that to assist the victim. • Do not use an unstable craft that’s easily capsized. • Approach from downwind so the boat doesn’t blow over the victim. • Reach the victim from the boat as previously described. 5. You’ll practice nonswimming assists in Rescue Training Session Two. Prescriptive

Knowledge Review One – Question 10 Describe the steps for inwater rescues of responsive divers at the surface. Explain how to make contact with a panicked diver at the surface. Making Contact with a Panicked Diver Approach. Keep your eyes on the victim and pace yourself. Evaluate. Stop out of reach and assess diver’s state of mind and equipment. Make contact. Establish ample buoyancy for yourself and victim. Reassure diver. Make eye contact and talk directly to the victim. Assist and transport. Reassure the diver while assisting them. Rescue - Knowledge Review One 4. Assisting the Responsive Diver at the Surface What are the two types of responsive diver at the surface rescues? a. As you learned previously, a responsive diver at the surface can be a tired diver or a panicked diver. b. A tired diver generally needs an assist more than a rescue. The victim is usually rational and able to help remedy the situation. Why is rescuing a panicked diver the most hazardous situation for the rescuer? c. A panicked diver generally needs a rescue because the victim will likely lose consciousness and drown after exhaustion if not helped. 1. A panicked diver is not rational, and may hang on to or climb on a rescuer in an attempt to stay afloat. 2. Driven by fear, a panicked diver can be incredibly strong and overpower smaller rescuers. 3. For these reasons, rescuing a panicked diver is the most hazardous situation for the rescuer. Reaches, extensions, throws, wading and watercraft assists are always preferred, if possible. d. A tired diver can lapse into panic during a rescue (most typically during approach before reaching the victim). A panicked diver may come out of panic and may be able to assist problem solving (most typically after a rescuer has made contact and established buoyancy). For these reasons, you must continually assess the victim’s state of mind when assisting a responsive diver at the surface. e. More rarely, a panicked diver will panic passively, not splashing, climbing or otherwise showing overt signs of panic. However, the passive panicked diver will also not respond to the emergency correctly, and may quietly slip below the surface and drown. Therefore, if a diver does not respond to you, assume the person needs help until you establish otherwise. f. You’ll learn the procedures for assisting responsive divers at the surface during Rescue Training Session One. Rescue Training Session One The steps for inwater rescues of responsive divers at the surface. a. Approach 1. Always equip yourself with at least mask, fins and snorkel. The advantages these give you are worth the added time to get them. Have someone watch the victim while you don them. 2. Swim with your head out of water, continuously watching the tired diver. Evaluate the victim’s state of mind (panicked or not panicked). 3. Pace your approach to have sufficient energy upon arrival to complete the rescue. Don’t wear yourself out just getting there. b. Evaluate 1. Halt your approach near, but out of reach of, the tired diver. Assess the victim’s mental state (rational or irrational). [Review the differences between tired divers and panicked divers.] 2. Note the location and type of BCD inflator. 3. Attempt to talk the diver through the difficulty by providing commanding, clear and concise directions. (“Inflate your BCD!” “Drop your weights!”) c. Make Contact 1. Establish substantial personal buoyancy. 2. Continue to approach from the front while explaining what is being done or requesting that the diver take action. 3. Use a contact-support position to stabilize and reassure the tired diver. 4. Provide the diver with positive buoyancy (use of low-pressure inflator preferred). d. Reassure the Tired Diver 1. Reassure the tired diver. Make eye contact and talk directly to the victim. 2. If surface conditions allow, have the diver remove the mask, regulator/snorkel, and rest before resuming activity. e. Assists and Transport 1. Allow the diver to do as much as possible. 2. Criteria for effective transport: • Tired diver’s face above the water • Tired diver and rescuer are positively buoyant • Rescuer has adequate control of situation • Rescuer and victim horizontal to swim effectively • Adequate communications and eye-to-eye contact Prescriptive

Knowledge Review One – Question 1 The most common cause of diver emergencies is poor judgment. Perform proper safety checks. Maintain equipment. Postpone dive in poor conditions. Dive within personal limits. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 2 Use good judgment; ask yourself: Do I need to enter the water? Do I have the equipment and training to help another? Can I do this without injury to myself? Rescue - Knowledge Review One Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 3 Stress is defined as physical or mental tension. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Perceptual narrowing is a decrease in broad awareness. Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 4 Pocket mask: Simplifies seal and positioning. Reduces worries about disease transmission. Most effective way to provide inwater rescue breathing. Can be connected to emergency oxygen. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 5 Nonresuscitator demand valve and continuous flow units are recommended for rescue diver use. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 6 Emergency management: 1. Assess the situation. 2. Act on your plan. 3. Delegate. 4. Attend to injuries. 5. Control the scene. 6. Arrange evacuation to medical care. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 7 Increase your self-rescue skills and be more prepared to solve problems. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 8 Signs and behaviors that indicate a diver is in trouble at the surface. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Handling a panicked diver is the most hazardous situation for a rescuer. Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 9 You can’t help others if you’re in trouble yourself. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Think: reaching and extension assists, throwing assists, wading assists, and watercraft assists. Return

Knowledge Review One – Question 10 The steps for inwater rescues of responsive divers at the surface. Rescue - Knowledge Review One Gain control of the situation when you make contact with a panicked diver. Return