1882 Chinese Exclusion Act Immigration Act of 1882 Restricts all Chinese laborers Bars Chinese naturalization Immigration Act of 1882 Specifically made regulation of immigration the duty of the Federal Government (Treasury) Barred those likely to become public charges

Asian Immigration Pre 1882 Chinese immigrants 1882-1907 Japanese 1907-1934 Filipinos 1882-1923 Punjabi Sikhs

1892 Chinese Exclusion Act was renewed, Extended indefinitely in 1902. Australia excluded Chinese in 1901. Canada restricted Chinese in 1923.

Immigration Act of 1917 Instituted Literacy Requirement Created “Asiatic Barred Zone”. Barred all immigration from Asia. Expanded powers of immigration officers to exclude or deport people. Public Health Service to do screening for diseases.

Dillingham Commission 1907-1911 42 Volumes Recommended restriction of immigration. Contained a great deal of debate and testimony about the “racial” inferiority of immigrants from Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe

Movement to Restrict Immigration Racial origins of Southern and Western Europeans Worries about Socialists and Communists Religious prejudice against Jews and Catholics Concern about immigrants undermining wages and organized labor Immigrant advocates advocated a “pause” for assimilation to occur.

1924 Johnson Reed Act Limited immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere to 154,000 per year. Created visas, and screening by consuls abroad. Created Border Patrol Did not limit the Western Hemisphere Used 1890 Census Figures to determine national origins quotas

1924 Johnson Reed Act 83% of immigrants were to come from North and West Europe 15% were to come from Southern and Eastern Europe 2% were to come from the rest of the world Barred all people who were ineligible for citizenship. Asiatic Barred Zone

Controlling Immigration INS created in 1924 In Labor Department until 1942 Laws limiting public charges Depression: 400,000 Mexicans--”Voluntary Repatriation” 50% of deportees were born in US and thus citizens.

Mexicans and Immigration Restriction Dillingham Commission heard a lot of racist testimony about Mexicans and Southern Central and Eastern Europeans. Congressman testified: Illiterate, unclean peonized masses…a mixture of Mediterranean blooded Spanish peasants with low grade Indians who did not fight extinction but submitted and multiplied as serfs. The influx of Mexicans creates the most insidious and general mixture of white, Indian and Negro blood strains ever produced in America.

Immigration from Mexico 1848 Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican American War. United States annexed CA, AZ, NM, CO, TX 1910-1917 Mexican Revolution and economic development created push factor in Mexico. Border 2000 miles long. History of back and forth movement. No restrictions except for “public charge” restriction which was used to deport people during the depression

Bracero Program 1942-1964 FARM Labor US underwrote travel costs Guaranteed just and equitable treatment 5 million people came. Meant to be temporary. Many stayed.

1965 Law Hart-Celler Act Replaced Quotas with Uniform Limit Per Country. Preference System Limited Western Hemisphere for first time Came along with Civil Rights Legislation. Introduced by Kennedy. Passed under Johnson. Principles: Family Reunification. Employment. Refugees. Unintended Consequences. Asian and Latin American immigration.

President Johnson Signing 1965 Law on Liberty Island

Intended Consequences Law was intended to end racial discrimination: Lyndon Johnson: This system violates the basic principle of American democracy—the principle that values and rewards each man on the basis of his merit as a man. It has been un-American in the highest sense, because it has been untrue to the faith that brought thousands to these shores even before we were a country. 1965 See more at: http://www.lbjlibrary.org/lyndon-baines-johnson/timeline/lbj-on-immigration#sthash.sgXhlwqu.dpuf

Unintended Consequences Lawmakers argued it would not increase numbers of immigrants or the ethnic mix. Attorney General Robert Kennedy: I would say for the Asia Pacific Triangle it immigration would be approximately 5,000 Mr.Chairman, after which immigration from that source would virtually disappear; 5,000 immigrants would come the first year, but we do not expect that there would be any great influx after that.

Unintended Consequences Rep. Emanuel Celler Immigrants from Asia and Africa will have to compete and qualify in order to get in, quantitatively and qualitatively, which, itself will hold the numbers down. There will not be, comparatively, many Asians or Africans entering this country. Since the people of Africa and Asia have very few relatives here, comparatively few could immigrate from those countries because they have no family ties in the US. August 25, 1965.

Unintended Consequences Senator Edward Kennedy: The bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs. Feb 10, 1965.

Legacies of the Law Created three categories of people Immigrants (Family/Employment) Refugees/Asylees Illegal/Undocumented Immigrants Family Chain Migration is Unlimited. Large increase in immigration Immigration increases from Latin America, Asia and the Caribbean.

Immigrant Numbers Peak in 1930 — Still Shrinking by 1970 14.2 Million This chart depicts the “stock” of immigrants in the U.S. or the foreign-born population from 1850 through 2006. The foreign-born population at 31.1 million was at an all-time high in Census 2000 and has increased further to more than 35.7 million in 2006. (The chart suggests a very rapid increase in the late 1990s, but the true growth trajectory is probably smoother with the rapid change at the end of the decade representing significant improvements in in measurement between the 1990s and Census 2000.) The sustained rapid growth and high levels of immigration, shown before, have led to the foreign-born population increasing by more than 3.5 time in only three-and-a-half decades. The percentage of the total population that is foreign-born is about 12 percent in 2006—considerably more than double the 4.7 percent in 1970. That said, the 1970 levels are probably the lowest in the history of the country (certainly the lowest since we have data). The immigrant population of 1970 was largely older and white (survivors of the immigration wave of the early 1900s). In 2006, the immigrants are generally young adults from Latin America and Asia. This rapid shift in the level and composition of the immigrant population has occurred within the lifetimes of most US adults and may account for some of the recent political concern over immigration. Source: Decennial censuses for 1850–2000; Current Population Surveys (CPS) for 1994–99 and 2001–06; compiled by the Pew Hispanic Trends. 9.6 Million Source: Compilation from Decennial Censuses, 1850-2000; Pew Hispanic Trends, 1995-2012 (Passel, et al. 2013).

Immigrant Numbers Grow Rapidly— Doubling by 1990 19.8 Million 14.2 Million This chart depicts the “stock” of immigrants in the U.S. or the foreign-born population from 1850 through 2006. The foreign-born population at 31.1 million was at an all-time high in Census 2000 and has increased further to more than 35.7 million in 2006. (The chart suggests a very rapid increase in the late 1990s, but the true growth trajectory is probably smoother with the rapid change at the end of the decade representing significant improvements in in measurement between the 1990s and Census 2000.) The sustained rapid growth and high levels of immigration, shown before, have led to the foreign-born population increasing by more than 3.5 time in only three-and-a-half decades. The percentage of the total population that is foreign-born is about 12 percent in 2006—considerably more than double the 4.7 percent in 1970. That said, the 1970 levels are probably the lowest in the history of the country (certainly the lowest since we have data). The immigrant population of 1970 was largely older and white (survivors of the immigration wave of the early 1900s). In 2006, the immigrants are generally young adults from Latin America and Asia. This rapid shift in the level and composition of the immigrant population has occurred within the lifetimes of most US adults and may account for some of the recent political concern over immigration. Source: Decennial censuses for 1850–2000; Current Population Surveys (CPS) for 1994–99 and 2001–06; compiled by the Pew Hispanic Trends. 9.6 Million Source: Compilation from Decennial Censuses, 1850-2000; Pew Hispanic Trends, 1995-2012 (Passel, et al. 2013).

Immigrant Numbers Continue Growing — Doubling Again by 2007 40.5 Million (2007, adj.) 19.8 Million 14.2 Million This chart depicts the “stock” of immigrants in the U.S. or the foreign-born population from 1850 through 2006. The foreign-born population at 31.1 million was at an all-time high in Census 2000 and has increased further to more than 35.7 million in 2006. (The chart suggests a very rapid increase in the late 1990s, but the true growth trajectory is probably smoother with the rapid change at the end of the decade representing significant improvements in in measurement between the 1990s and Census 2000.) The sustained rapid growth and high levels of immigration, shown before, have led to the foreign-born population increasing by more than 3.5 time in only three-and-a-half decades. The percentage of the total population that is foreign-born is about 12 percent in 2006—considerably more than double the 4.7 percent in 1970. That said, the 1970 levels are probably the lowest in the history of the country (certainly the lowest since we have data). The immigrant population of 1970 was largely older and white (survivors of the immigration wave of the early 1900s). In 2006, the immigrants are generally young adults from Latin America and Asia. This rapid shift in the level and composition of the immigrant population has occurred within the lifetimes of most US adults and may account for some of the recent political concern over immigration. Source: Decennial censuses for 1850–2000; Current Population Surveys (CPS) for 1994–99 and 2001–06; compiled by the Pew Hispanic Trends. 9.6 Million Source: Compilation from Decennial Censuses, 1850-2000; Pew Hispanic Trends, 1995-2012 (Passel, et al. 2013).

Refugees 1951 International Law on Refugees Definition: Someone with a well founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, national origin, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Refugees apply from a third country, not their home country, but they are not in the US. Someone seeking asylum, an asylee, applies after arriving in the United States. US ratified that law in 1968. 1980 Refugee Act adopted that international definition as our own. Refugees get government assistance. Program of resettlement. Legal status.

2011 Refugees 56,384 refugees Burma (30%) Bhutan (27%) Iraq (17%) Somalia (6%) Cuba (5%) Eritrea (4%) Iran (4%)

Refugees Number set each year according to State Department and world conditions 1970’s 1980’s some years over 200,000 1990’s 2000’s less, peak year 1992 it was 142,000 2000 to 2007 cap was 70,000

Asylees 24,988 in 2011 China (29%) Venezuela (7%) Haiti (6%) Egypt (6%) Ethiopia (4%)

Current Immigration Worldwide cap of 675,000 visas per year. 480,000 for family reunification 140,000 for employment 55,000 for diversity 120,000 for refugees (outside cap) Per country ceiling of 25,600 visas includes family and non family immigrants. (But immediate family is not included in the numbers adding to the ceiling.).

2009 Statistics 1,130,818 legal immigrants Estimate: 500,000 undocumented 33.7 million non immigrant arrivals

Immigration Categories 2006 Immediate Family 46% Extended Family 17% Employment 13% Diversity 3% Refugees 17%

Current Preference System FIRST: Priority Workers. Outstanding ability. Managers. Professors. Multinational Executives 40,000 SECOND: Professions holding advanced degrees. 40,000 THIRD: Skilled labor (two years training) 40,000. (5,000 can go to unskilled) FOURTH: Special immigrants, including ministers. (10,000) FIFTH: Investors 500,000 to 3 million to invest. Employ 10 workers (10,000)

2006 1, 266,264 people got Legal Permanent Residence (LPR). (In 2000 it was 841,002) 45.8% were immediate relative of US citizen. 17.5 % came through a family sponsored preference 12.6 % came through an employment preference 17.1% were refugees or asylees 3.5 % won the diversity lottery

2006 Non Immigrant Admissions 33.7 million (not counting Mexicans and Canadians with border cards) Number of arrivals, not persons. Temporary admissions 29.9 million (89%) 24.8 million tourists 5 million business Temporary workers and trainees (incl. spouses and children 1, 709, 953 (5% of total) Students and their families 1,168,020 (3.5%)

Other Nonimmigrant Admissions Source: bcs.e.8

Foreign-Student Arrivals Number < Source: bcs.e.7.4

Why Do Americans Care About Undocumented Immigrants? Why do some Americans feel so strongly about undocumented immigrants?

U.S. Undocumented Immigrants Before 1965 it was not really an issue. 1974 “Discovery” of 4-12 million. Delphi Method: 8 million. Apprehensions as main source of data. 1986 IRCA Law 1.75 million people working since 1982 special agricultural workers 1.27 million

Changes in the Debate Bush vs Reagan 1980 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gYHMwEdvIk Ronald Reagan 1984 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfHKIq5z80U