© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Chapter 14: Energy Resources Energy Use in the Industrial Age Energy Sources Energy Futures

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Energy Use in the Industrial Age Wood, Coal, and the Industrial Revolution Oil and the Internal Combustion Engine Energy Use in the Late Twentieth Century

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Shifts in U.S. Energy Use Figure 14.1 U.S. energy production by source, 1870 to 1995, showing increased diversity in the sources of energy used.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 World Energy Production Figure 14.2: World energy production showed substantial growth between 1970 and 2000, but with important periods of contraction associated with political tensions or economic decline.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 World Oil Prices Figure 14.3: Between 1970 and 2000, prices have increased generally and also sharply as a result of the 1973 and 1979 energy crises and the 1990 Gulf War.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Energy Uses Figure 14.4: U.S. Energy consumption by kind of use, 1949 to 2000.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Energy Sources Oil and Natural Gas Coal Other Fossil Fuels Nuclear Power Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Known Recoverable Coal World Total: 1,083,000 million metric tons StatePercent of Total United States25 Russia16 China12 Australia9 India8 See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Known Recoverable Oil World Total: 1,028 billion barrels StatePercent of Total Saudi Arabia26 Iraq11 United Arab Emirates10 Kuwait10 Iran9 See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Known Recoverable Natural Gas World Total: 5,289 trillion cubic feet StatePercent of Total Russia32 Iran16 Qatar7 United Arab Emirates4 Saudi Arabia4 See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Oil and Natural Gas Production and Consumption Oil Futures

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 U.S. Oil Imports Figure 14.5: From 1950 to 2000, the U.S. continued to produce a significant amount of oil, but imports became an increasing proportion of U.S. consumption.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Gasoline Prices Figure 14.6: Despite occasional price spikes, gasoline prices, when adjusted for inflation, remain low.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Oil Recoverability Figure 14.7: Idealized pattern of cumulative production, based on a sigmoidal curve for oil recovery.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Coal Production and Consumption Extraction and Environmental Impacts –Underground mining –Strip or surface mining –Acid mine drainage Surface Mining Reclamation and Control Act of 1977

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Coal Reserves Ratio of Reserves to Production Country R/P (Years) Country R/P (Years) China94Russia607 United States 220Poland156 South Africa143Germany560 Australia248N. Korea5 India277Indonesia62 Ratio for entire world is 225 years. For details on production and reserves, see Table 14.3 in text.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 U.S. Coal Resources Figure 14.8: Each kind of coal – with its particular sulfur content – exhibits a distinct geographic distribution.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Other Fossil Fuels Coal gasification or liquefaction Tar Sands Shale oil

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Nuclear Power Figure 14.10: The nuclear fuel cycle

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Renewable Energy Renewable and perpetual Centralized and decentralized Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar (active and passive) Wind

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Efficiency and Conservation Figure 14.16: Per capita GNP and energy consumption, Countries above the trend line are less efficient than those below it. (Note log axes.)

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Hydroelectric Generation Figure 14.12: Generation by region, 1980 to Some regions are increasing steadily, with Latin America having the greatest per-capita use.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Hydroelectric Potential Figure 14.13: Hydroelectric generation as a proportion of potential. Hydroelectric potential is a function both of total stream discharge and of total vertical potential.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Energy Futures High-Energy Options –Fossil Fuels –Nuclear and renewable Low-Energy Options –Conservation-Intensive –Low-growth Energy Policies for the Future

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 ISSUES 14.1: The Legacy of Chernobyl 14.2: The Three Gorges Dam 14.3: Electric Energy Deregulation and the California Energy Crisis

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Chapter 15: The Transition to a Global Sustainable Society Limits to Growth? What is Sustainable Development? How Does Sustainability Work? Tipping the Balance Looking Forward Epilogue

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Limits to Growth? Figure 15.1: Results of the 1972 model, based on two different assumptions: (a) simple extrapolation into the future; and (b) stability in population and resource use.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 What is Sustainable Development? Environmental Versus Economic Sustainability A Working Definition of Sustainability

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 How Does Sustainability Work? Waste Recycling Waste Reduction Design for Reuse and Recycling Changing Consumption Patterns

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Decoupling Figure 15.2: This simple graphic represents a daunting challenge: throughout history, resource use has always increased with wealth. Is it possible to continue increasing wealth, without a direct connection to resource use?

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 The Costs of Progress Figure 15.3: As with many pollutants, SO 2 concentrations are greatest in countries experiencing the early stages of economic growth.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Tipping the Balance Individual Action Corporate Action Government Action Looking Forward