Before Notes/ reading Y/N After Notes/ Reading A revolution always has a positive outcome Someone loses power during a revolution Every revolution is a war A revolution may result in the birth of a new nation

8.11 B Describe the positive and negative consequences of human modification of physical environment of the United States 8.27A Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, cotton gin and interchangeable parts 8.27B Analyze the impact of transportation and communication systems on the growth, development, and urbanization of the United States

Revolution an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed a sudden, complete or marked change in something

The Industrial Revolution

What was it? the change from an agricultural society to industrial because new factories in the northeast states Show video Clip Life before Industrial Revolution

When did it happen? the Industrial Revolution began in the United States around 1800 in the New England states

Why did it begin the Northeast? New England had poor soil for farming Northeast has many rivers = waterpower for factories NE had port cities for shipping to other states and across the Atlantic Subsistence farmers were willing to move to the cities

The Industrial Revolution occurred because of… FREE ENTERPRISE – people are free to buy, sell, own, and produce products as well as work wherever they choose Which founding father supported an economy based on free enterprise? The government had few regulations to control the economy

The Industrial Revolution required the invention of new machines and technology – which is scientific discoveries that simplify work. Congress created patents to protect inventors’ new inventions from being copied. Show video clip the Industrial Revolution comes to America

Ultimately, the Industrial Revolution occurred as a combination of the following events: Rise of the factory system Use of steam power Mass production of goods Industrial Revolution

The Cotton Gin Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which was a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton. Farm production increased dramatically.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Cotton became more profitable = an increase in the need for slave labor Removed seeds from cotton Show video clip the cotton gin

Factories Factory System – a system bringing manufacturing steps together under one roof or in one place. Most employees were women and children working LONG hours. Show video factory and the growth of the cities

Francis Lowell- opened the Lowell factory in Massachusetts Francis Lowell- opened the Lowell factory in Massachusetts. Employed mostly young girls to work in difficult conditions for long hours and low wages. These conditions had an impact on the child labor laws the U.S. has today.

Lowell, Massachusetts in 1850

Lowell Mill

Lowell Girls Francis Lowell opened the factory What was their typical “profile”? – young girls, bad conditions, long hours

Lowell Boarding Houses What was boarding house life like?

Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell Show video factories and the girls

New Development – Interchangeable Parts Interchangeable parts – identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product

Importance of Interchangeable parts Allowed for mass production of a variety of goods so… prices were reduced

Eli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts Could build 10 different rifles from these pieces Show video impact of Interchangeable parts

textile industries -factories that produced clothing and cloth items from cotton; located in North

Early Textile Loom

New England Textile Centers: 1830s Show video Textile Manufacturing

The Cotton Gin’s Impact on Slavery The demand for southern cotton grew dramatically because of the cotton gin and the increased number of textile mills in the north that needed cotton more northern textile mills = more southern slaves!

Brief Summary of the Plantation System Large plantations were comprised of several thousand acres. Plantation owners had slaves to do all the work. Some worked in the house, some were trained as blacksmiths, carpenters, shoe makers, or weavers, and others worked with animals in pastures. However, most worked long hours in the fields.

The Cotton Gin Continued… The cotton gin made it possible to clean cotton faster and less expensively than by hand. This encouraged the planters to raise larger cotton crops which required more slaves. Therefore. . .

higher demand for cotton more textile mills in north cotton gin = higher demand for cotton more textile mills in north more slaves in south to work plantations Which leads to…

Regional Specialization North – industrialization South – agriculture (cotton and slavery)

Farming During the Industrial Revolution New England farms were small, usually subsistence farms Western farmers raised pork and cash crops such as corn and wheat. Southern farmers planted cash crops such as cotton, rice, and tobacco

Urbanization Prompted by Industrial Revolution Growth of factories and trade caused the growth of towns and cities Locations of factories depended on the geography of the area Urban = Cities Rural = Country

Five Common Problems of Early Cities Streets and sidewalks unpaved & animals roaming freely

2. Pollution from factories

3. No sewers

4. Diseases easily spread due to poor sanitation

5. Fires spread easily due to close quarters and few fire companies Show video con: living during the industrial revolution

The Census and Population Census – officially counts the population of the U.S. every 10 years The first census occurred in 1790 and the population of the United States was nearly 4 million

The 1790 Census

First Census Most of the population lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic coast By 1820, the population reached 10 million with 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains

U.S. Population Centers in 1820

U.S. Population Centers in 1860

Thought Spot Look at the population maps from 1820 and 1860. What were the U.S. largest cities in 1820? What were the U.S. largest cities in 1860?

Transportation Because the nation needed good inland roads for travel and for the shipment of goods, private companies built turnpikes or toll roads Fees paid to use these roads were used for construction and upkeep of the roads “Pay to use the road!”

The National Road was approved by Congress in 1806 that connected the east with the west. The first section opened in 1818, connecting Maryland to western Virginia. Years later, it ended in Illinois. The National Road made the migration of people easier.

National Road, 1818-1838

Pros & Cons to River Travel More comfortable than horse & buggy Get ALL goods on barges & float direction of current Most rivers ran north & south BUT…most people traveling to the west! Upstream against current slow

Clipper Ships Moved quickly through waters – “clipped” time off the trip across the Atlantic

The Steamboat Robert Fulton developed the first steamboat in 1807; named “Clermont” Early steamboats easily blew up because there were no regulations on who could run steamboats and the boilers that created steam had no safety valve to stop overheating and slow pressure Show video steam power

Robert Fulton and the Steamboat Steamboat Effects: improved transport goods & people on inland rivers economic productivity (ship goods – faster, easier, cheaper) helped river cities grow – St. Louis The Clermont – 1807

Canals Canal – an artificial (man-made) waterway The first canal was the 363 mile Erie Canal connecting Albany, New York on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York on Lake Erie. It was completed on October 26, 1825.

Erie Canal – 1825

Canals Continued… Three results of the increase in canals in the U.S. between 1825 and 1850: Canals lowered the cost of shipping goods Brought prosperity (money) to towns along their routes Helped unite the growing country

The Railroads Connect America!

1830  13 miles of track 1850  9000 mi. of RR track 1860  31,000 mi. The “Iron Horse” 1830 1830  13 miles of track 1850  9000 mi. of RR track 1860  31,000 mi.

The Railroad Revolution, 1850s Immigrants built the northern railroads Slaves built the southern railroads

Issues Caused by Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution led to some issues regarding the powers of the federal government versus those of the states. The Supreme Court stepped in to help settle these issues. Video Quiz using notes and vidoes

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The state of Maryland imposed a tax on the Second National Bank, hoping the taxes would shut down the federal bank Why? Federal banks competed with state banks

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) James McCulloch was the cashier of the federal bank and refused to pay the tax Why? Said state legislatures could not tax federal banks The state of Maryland sued for payment McCulloch, after losing in state courts, took his argument to the U.S. Supreme Court

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) John Marshall was the Chief Justice Tested the relationship between federal and state law Does Congress have the power to create a bank Does Maryland have the right to tax a federal institution

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The Court’s Ruling Yes – Congress has the right charter (create) a national bank Why? The elastic clause (also called “necessary and proper” clause) of the Constitution gave Congress the right to do whatever is “necessary and proper” to carry out its powers No – Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank Why? Federal law trumps state law

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Ogden had been granted a monopoly by the state of New York to run a steamboat ferry between New York and New Jersey Monopoly – the only one licensed to do something Gibbons had been granted a similar monopoly by the federal government Two monopolies granted…who has the real right to run the ferry?

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Ogden sued in New York and won; Gibbons appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall made the following ruling Congress had the power to regulate ferry boats crossing the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey Why? Congress controlled “interstate commerce” (trade between states) Basically…states controlled business within their state, but once it crossed state lines into another, Congress had the power

Thought Spot Make a comparison of the following Supreme Court Decisions, under the direction of Chief Justice John Marshall, using the information previously discussed and prior knowledge. Court Case Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden Year    1803 1819  1824  Description How much influence does the Supreme Court have on our nation’s laws? Can Congress create a national bank and can the state tax the federal government? Who controls business when two or more states are involved? Impact  Judicial review Yes, Congress can create a bank No, the state cannot tax the federal govt  Congress controls “interstate commerce” (trade between two or more states)

This Era did not last long, however! Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings started with James Monroe’s presidency, after the War of 1812. Little to no political conflicts were taking place. Nationalism is the allegiance or loyalty to your whole nation. This started during the Era of Good Feelings. This Era did not last long, however!

Americans had strong allegiance to the region of the US they lived in – Westerners, Southerners, or Northerners Leads to problems known as Sectionalism

Sectionalism Disagreements Among North And South Slavery Need for tariffs States’ rights Internal improvements (paying for the improvements in U.S. transportation systems)

Southern Spokesman John C. Calhoun – represented South Carolina said NO to tariffs –it would raise prices of manufactured goods that South had to buy

Northern Spokesman Daniel Webster – represented New Hampshire said YES to tariffs – protect American industries from foreign competition because foreign goods would cost more $ (buy American!)

Western Spokesman Henry Clay – represented Kentucky Tried to compromise with both

Thought Spot Create a bridge map relating the spokesmen to the area they represent  

Monroe Doctrine While the U.S. would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas, it would oppose any new ones. This set the U.S. up as the “protector of the Western Hemisphere.” The Monroe Doctrine also enforces what Washington stated in his farewell address – that the U.S. will only be involved in European conflicts if the U.S.’s rights were disrupted.