MONITORING AND ANALYZING PRICES: 11. How are prices changing? Local and Regional Procurement Learning Alliance.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
LOCAL AND REGIONAL PROCUREMENT 3. Introduction to Markets
Advertisements

PAT Session 4.1. Import Parity Price WFP Markets Learning ProgrammePrice Analysis Training
Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Agricultural statistics part 2 Copyright 2010, The World Bank Group. All Rights Reserved. Prices.
LRP Market Monitoring Training LOCAL AND REGIONAL PROCUREMENT 4. Introduction to Prices.
Incorporating regional knowledge into global data sets: Some ideas for rice in Asia Andy Nelson Thursday11 th Sep, 2014.
Local and Regional Procurement Learning Alliance 8. Market Data TRADER SELECTION.
Screen 1 of 25 Markets Assessment and Analysis Market Indicators LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand what typical market indicators are. Understand the role.
The Effects of Rising Food and Fuel Costs on Poverty in Pakistan Azam Amjad Chaudhry and Theresa Thompson Chaudhry.
USDA’s Local and Regional Purchase Pilot Program Fiscal Years 2008 thru 2012.
LRP Market Monitoring Training LOCAL AND REGIONAL PROCUREMENT 1. Introduction to LRP.
Copyright ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Stock Analysis and Valuation.
Price Forecasting. Price Analysis Fundamental AnalysisTechnical Analysis Fundamental Analysis: involves the use of supply, demand and other economic factors.
Local and Regional Procurement Learning Alliance 9. Market Data DATA QUALITY CONTROL.
Seasonality and Its Effects on Crop Markets. Seasonality and Its Causes  Seasonality is the phenomenon that causes crop prices (including cash, futures,
By Gloria Otieno Sunday, August 09, Presentation Outline Context: Kenya Objectives and TORs Research Plan Methodology Expected Outputs Sunday,
Productivity growth and poverty reduction in India: A GEOSHARE application from the IRRI/Asia Hub Andy Nelson, Uris Baldos, Parvesh K. Chandna and Tom.
SESSION 19A: PRIVATE COMPANY VALUATION Aswath Damodaran 1.
Business Forecasting Chapter 4 Data Collection and Analysis in Forecasting.
Local and Regional Procurement Learning Alliance 6. Market Data ASSESSING SECONDARY DATA.
MONITORING AND ANALYZING PRICES: 12. Approaches to Analyzing Price Changes Local and Regional Procurement Learning Alliance.
MIFIRA Framework Lecture 8 Market mapping Chris Barrett and Erin Lentz February 2012.
Measuring Consumption and Poverty in Zambia GSS methodology conference, 27 June 2012.
5. Market Data TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Local and Regional Procurement Learning Alliance.
Constructing the Welfare Aggregate Part 2: Adjusting for Differences Across Individuals Bosnia and Herzegovina Poverty Analysis Workshop September 17-21,
The new HBS Chisinau, 26 October Outline 1.How the HBS changed 2.Assessment of data quality 3.Data comparability 4.Conclusions.
LRP Market Monitoring Training Local and Regional Procurement 2. Global Framework Overview.
PAT Session 2.2. Elements of Price Analysis WFP Markets Learning Programme Price Analysis Training.
Elasticity of demand The elasticity of demand is defined as the rate of change in quantity demanded for a given change in price. It is primarily related.
Chapter 11 Measuring the Cost of Living
BY Ashutosh Roy IIM Ahmedabad Convenience Yields Modeling as Call Options: Indian wheat Market National Workshop on Commodity Research Organized By NCDEX.
Passive Investors and Managed Money in Commodity Futures Part 2: Liquidity Prepared for: The CME Group Prepared by: October, 2008.
Screen 1 of 21 Markets Assessment and Analysis Markets and Food Security LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand basic market concepts and definitions relevant.
PAT Seasonality and Volatility Session 3.2. WFP Markets Learning Programme Price Analysis Training.
Local and Regional Procurement Learning Alliance 7. Market Data MARKET SELECTION.
Screen 1 of 26 Markets Assessment and Analysis Markets and Food Security LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the components of a typical market assessment for.
Market Concepts MBRRR Training Session 1.4. Markets: Overview Why are markets important? Market definitions Group Exercise: Market functioning and efficiency.
FUTURES: SPECULATION Types of speculators: –Short term Scalpers Day traders –Long term.
1 AGEC Farm Planning and Financial Management Trends in agricultural production Why is the relevant to farm managers? Today’s topics: Farm Size Technology.
The Methodology of APEC Food Losses Assessment Emily Ching-Cheng CHANG Research Fellow Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica APEC Seminar on “Strengthening.
© OnlineTexts.com p.1 Chapter 5 Econ104 Parks Inflation.
Sub-regional Workshop on Census Data Evaluation, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, November 2011 Evaluation of Age and Sex Distribution United Nations Statistics.
Project quality management. Introduction Project quality management includes the process required to ensure that the project satisfies the needs for which.
PAT Market Information for Food Security Analysis Session 1.3 WFP Markets Learning Programme Price Analysis Training.
August 1999PM Data Analysis Workbook: Characterizing PM23 Spatial Patterns Urban spatial patterns: explore PM concentrations in urban settings. Urban/Rural.
MIFIRA Framework Lecture 7 Regional availability and prospective source markets Chris Barrett and Erin Lentz February 2012.
Sampling Fundamentals 2 Sampling Process Identify Target Population Select Sampling Procedure Determine Sampling Frame Determine Sample Size.
Terms of Trade - HL Chapter 26. Terms of Trade Introduction  This is an index that shows the value of a country’s average export prices relative to their.
Tutor2u ™ Exchange Rates A2 Economics Presentation 2005.
MIFIRA Framework Lecture 2 Response analysis and MIFIRA Chris Barrett and Erin Lentz February 2012.
Constructing the Welfare Aggregate Part 2: Adjusting for Differences Across Individuals Salman Zaidi Washington DC, January 19th,
7-1 PowerPoint slides to accompany New Zealand Financial Accounting 5e by Samkin Slides adapted by Bob Miller, © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Accounting.
Measurements and Their Analysis. Introduction Note that in this chapter, we are talking about multiple measurements of the same quantity Numerical analysis.
How to Construct a Seasonal Index. Methods of Constructing a Seasonal Index  There are several ways to construct a seasonal index. The simplest is to.
Omni-channel Maturity Analysis Lester Allan Lasrado Copenhagen Business School 28 th Jan 2016.
The next part of the specification. The key factors of 1.5 There are basics that need to understood before we can start 1.5 – basic terminology.
1 Commodity price increases: causes, effects and policy responses G20 Conference on Commodity Price Volatility Istanbul, 13 th September 2011 Jonathan.
Ratio Analysis…. Types of ratios…  Performance Ratios: Return on capital employed. (Income Statement and Balance Sheet) Gross profit margin (Income Statement)
COMESA MONETARY INSTITUTE TRAINING ON MACROPRUDENTIAL POLICY TOOLS RELEVANT FOR COMESA MEMBER COUNTRIES WORKSHOP II: DSIBS FRAMEWORK SOLUTIONS.
Level 2 Business Studies AS90843 Demonstrate understanding of the internal operations of a large business.
Economics Indicators INFLATION & THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)
The Structural Transformation Story of Kenya’s Financial System
Chapter 5 Inflation © OnlineTexts.com p. 1.
Villanova Technical Analysis Group
Inventory of Wholesalers and Retailers
Introduction to Markets
SA Economic Indicators
AAMP Training Materials
International Trade and Economic Growth
MIFIRA Framework: Lecture 13 Putting together the pieces
NS3040 Fall Term 2018 Trends in International Trade 2017
Presentation transcript:

MONITORING AND ANALYZING PRICES: 11. How are prices changing? Local and Regional Procurement Learning Alliance

Overview of Monitoring and Analyzing Prices Objectives of price monitoring and analysis are: Identify which prices change and by how much –Identify when to investigate further (using triggers) Identify factors that can cause price changes –Data sources for these factors –Analytical tools to evaluate the likelihood of each factor changing prices 2

Food prices can be unstable

Why do prices matter? In spatially integrated markets, an increase in prices due to a large local purchase of food would signal traders to bring in more supply, bringing prices back down. A procurement or distribution is less likely to cause lasting price impacts in integrated markets –To understand the degree of spatial integration, we need to track prices across markets over time For definitions and overviews, review LRP Price Collection Training powerpoints: –3 Introduction to Markets.ppt –4 Introduction to Prices.ppt

Why do prices matter? Do No Harm conditions under USDA pilot program (2010 Interim Guidelines, p. 27) : –Prevent local and regional purchases that would: Have a disruptive impact on farmers Unduly disrupt world prices… or [unduly disrupt] normal patterns of commercial trade with foreign countries Significantly increase commodity costs for low- income consumers 5

Examine retail prices separately from wholesale prices 1. Convert prices 2. Examine magnitude of price changes 3. Determine when to investigate further (using triggers) 4. Categorize price changes: use analytical tools and data to identify possible sources of price changes 6 How are prices changing?

First, convert prices to standard price per kg (or price per liter for liquids) Different units often have different prices, even when converted to a standard price per kg –Small volume purchases tend to have higher purchase prices per standard unit. Price/kg = (Price/unit * Number of units) / Weight in kgs on scale Or: Price/kg = (Price/unit) / (units/kg) 7 Convert prices

8 Market A Standard Unit Number of units to reach at least 2kgs Weight on the scale Price / standard unit Local rice price /kg Trader 1kg2250 Trader 2cup Trader 3cup Trader 4cup Trader 5can Average70

Convert Prices Evaluate retail and wholesale prices separately If a single per unit price is 2-3 times larger or smaller than other prices for the same commodity in the same market, enumerator or market analyst should verify that that reported price is correct –What could be causing these differences? Conversion error Misreporting by enumerator (e.g., reporting wholesale price as a retail price) Misunderstanding by trader –Rule out reporting error before proceeding 9

Magnitude of price changes by commodity For each commodity: –For each market, for each period: take average of converted retail prices across retailers (e.g., per kg) –For each market, for each period: take average of converted wholesale prices (e.g., per ton) Then, graph. 10

For each commodity: A.Question: How do prices differ within markets over time? A.Trigger = large price differences within markets over time –Inspect graph –Compute period-to-period price changes (next slide) B. Question: How do prices differ across spatially distinct markets over time? B. Trigger = large changes in price differences across markets over time –Compare price changes across markets over time Will likely vary across markets due to varying transportation costs and other factors –Look for outliers 11 Triggers for further investigation

Triggers: A. Large change in prices within a market A. Question: How do prices differ within markets over time? Investigate further if prices change more than 30% from one month to the next month Compute period-to-period difference in prices to determine how large the price differences are. Formula: (Current price – Last price)/Last price 12

13 A.Large change in prices within a market: Example within a maize market in Kenya – reported prices NairobiMombasaKisumuEldoretBusia Mkt avg Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

14 A. Large change in prices within a market: Example within a maize market in Kenya - inspecting prices

A. Large change in prices within a market: Example within a maize market in Kenya A. Question: How do prices differ within markets over time? –By inspection, prices are much higher in July than in September. –Compute month-to-month price changes 15

16 A. Large change in prices within a market: Example within a maize market in Kenya NairobiMombasaKisumuEldoretBusia Mkt avg Jul-Aug Change-5%-23%-11%9%-17%-10% Aug-Sep Change-16%-23%-11%-31%-18%-20% Sep-Oct Change-2%7%1%-4%9%2% Oct-Nov Change1%3%4%-6%2%1% Nov-Dec Change-4%3%12%6%1%3%

A.Large change in prices within a market: Example within a maize market in Kenya A. Question: How do prices differ within markets over time? –By computation: Compute period-to-period difference in prices to determine how large the price differences are: (Current price – Last price)/Last price –Trigger is 30% –The price of maize in Eldoret fell by more than 30% between August and September 17

A. Large change in prices within a market: Example within a maize market in Kenya What could be causing this change?: Unique to the community? –Is there something happening in Eldoret that is different from other markets (e.g., infrastructure disruption)? Unique to the commodity? –Is this price change specific to maize or are all (monitored) prices falling quickly in Eldoret? Unique to the time period? –Did the same price pattern occur in earlier years (i.e., is it recurring, perhaps seasonal)? 18

A.Large change in prices within a market: Example within a maize market in Kenya Further investigate: Unique to the community? –Use key informant discussions to assess whether that change is likely to continue impacting prices. Discussed in more detail in next ppt. Unique to the commodity? –Identify possible factors related to that commodity (e.g., local release of stock). Discussed in more detail in next ppt. Unique to the time period? –Compute seasonal price index –Examine for seasonal flow reversals 19

A. Large change in prices within a market: Seasonal Price Index 20 To examine impact of seasonality on Kenyan markets: Formula: 1.Take average by month and by year across all markets (or group of markets, if investigating a particular region) 2.Take average by month across years for these markets 3.Take overall average for these markets (across months and across years) 4.Divide monthly average by overall average When the ratio is above 1, prices are higher in this season When the ratio is below 1, prices are lower in this season 5.Ground-truth seasonal price index through creation of seasonal calendar for maize

A. Large change in prices within a market: Seasonal Price Index 21 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec Overall avg Avg Index

A. Large change in prices within a market: Seasonal Price Index Low prices in Jan – Mar; High prices in May-Aug 22

A. Large change in prices within a market: Seasonal Price Index - Eldoret 23 To examine impact of seasonality on prices in a single market: Formula: 1.Report market price for a single market 2.Take average by month across years 3.Take overall average (across months and across years) 4.Divide monthly average by overall average When the ratio is above 1, prices are higher in this season When the ratio is below 1, prices are lower in this season 5.Ground-truth seasonal price index through creation of seasonal calendar for maize

A. Large change in prices within a market: Seasonal Price Index - Eldoret 24 JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec Overall avg Avg Index

A.Large change in prices within a market: Seasonal Price Index – Eldoret Examine seasonal price patterns per market Low prices in Oct – Mar; High prices in May-Sept More variability than across averaged Kenyan markets 25

A. Large change in prices within a market: Seasonal flow reversals - Eldoret 26 Eldoret faces more variability in prices than other Kenyan markets Common trend for outlying production areas, which may have lower prices during post-harvest and higher prices during lean seasons than urban areas Traders evacuate products from outlying areas to urban areas for storage during post-harvest, and move them back to outlying areas during lean seasons, incurring storage and transportation costs, driving prices in rural areas up during lean season Therefore, there may be divergence between urban and outlying area price patterns. Use historical prices to compute ratio between outlying area prices and urban prices

A. Large change in prices within a market: Seasonal flow reversals - Eldoret 27 Seasonal flow reversals may be responsible for greater price variability in Eldoret relative to Nairobi, when: The lean season in Eldoret coincides with the ratio being above 1 (indicating that food is more expensive in Eldoret than Nairobi) The harvest season in Eldoret coincides with the ratio being below 1 (indicating the food is cheaper in Eldoret than Nairobi)

B. Question: How do prices differ across spatially distinct markets over time? –By inspection, compare prices across markets Will likely vary somewhat across markets due to varying transportation costs and other factors –Examine historical patterns to assist in identification of divergence Is the pattern of the difference relatively consistent over time? If so, markets are said to be spatially well-integrated; if not, what may be causing prices to change in one market but not in another? 28 Trigger: B. Large change in price differences across markets over time

29 B. Large change in price differences across markets: maize markets in Kenya

B. Large change in price differences across markets: Inspection of Kenyan markets in Kenya B. How do prices differ across spatially distinct markets over time? –Eldoret’s prices differ from the standard pattern. Eldoret’s prices increase in August, whereas prices are falling in other markets. And, in September, Eldoret’s prices fell faster than in other markets. –Kisumu’s prices differ from the standard pattern too, but not as dramatically. Kisumu’s prices increase faster in December than other market prices. 30

B. Large change in price differences across markets: Inspection of Kenya markets B. How do prices differ across spatially distinct markets? –No rule of thumb for trigger –Consider historical data: Is the current pattern divergent from historical pattern? Are changes in the current pattern proportionally much larger than previous patterns? If yes to either of these, consider changes to factors that may be influencing prices 31

Are large month-to-month price changes observed for a single commodity? For many commodities? –Repeat computations for each commodity 32 How are prices changing?: Categorize price changes

What is the scale of price change? –Global, regional or national price changes –Localized price changes In procurement areas? In distribution areas? Single market price changes (e.g., Eldoret)? 33 How are prices changing?: Categorize price changes

34 How are prices changing?: Categorize price changes Categorize price change by number of affected communities and number of commodities –If price changes occur for many commodities, it may be due to changes in cost of commerce (e.g., inflation, fuel price changes) –If price changes occur for a single commodity, it may be due to commodity-specific shocks or policy changes –If prices change for a single market, may indicate insecurity, localized transport issues, trader collusion –If prices change for many markets, may indicate national-level factors Begin to brainstorm: have any factors that influence prices changed? –Next: frequent factors that cause prices to change