Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk.

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Presentation transcript:

Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae Centrum Body of vertebra Surrounds or replaces notochord

Centrum shape Amphicelous (most fish, tailed amphibians) Opisthocelous (terrestrial salamanders, gar) Acelous (mammals) Procelous (reptiles, frogs)

Vertebrae Vertebral arch Neural arch Neural spine = spinous process Neural canal = vertebral canal

Vertebrae Hemal arch Chevron bone in amniotes Ventral archway for caudal blood vessels Hemal spine

Vertebrae Transverse process Diapophysis

Vertebrae Zygaphophyses Tetrapod feature Prezygapophyses – cranial Postzygapophyses - caudal

Development of vertebrae Ancient Sclerotomes around notochord Intersegmental from the somites Cartilage replacement of notochord Bone replacement of notochord

Vertebrae in advanced fish Centrum replaces notochord Diplospondyly in tail

Vertebrae in fish Regional differentiation Dorsal = Trunk Caudal = tail

Vertebrae - fish Craniovertebral joint No movement

Vertebrae - Amphibians Terrestrial life Spine must support body Resists bending but provides mobility

Phylogeny of tetrapod vertebrae Tetrapod centrum is the descendant of the Pleurocentrum, not the intercentrum

Vertebrae - amphibians Zygapophyses

Vertebrae - amphibians Regional differentiation Cervical – usually one Trunk = dorsal – ribs present Sacral – one Caudal – no zygapophyses Urostyle – fused post-sacral vertebrae in anurans

Skeletal support Cervical vert. Trunk vert. with ribs Trunk vert. with ribs Sacral vert. Caudal vert.

Vertebrae - amphibians Craniovertebral joint 1-2 occipital condyles

Vertebrae - Reptiles Centrum replaces notochord Procoelous centrum Pleurocentrum is phylogenetic ancestral centrum

Vertebrae - Reptiles Zygapophyses Not in tail

Vertebrae - reptiles Cervical – 8 including atlas and axis Dorsals = Trunk (thoracic and lumbar) Sacral – 2 for stronger support Caudal – Chevron bone = hemal arch – Autonomy

Vertebrae - reptiles Craniovertebral joint Ball & socket type of joint Single occipital condyle

Vertebrae - reptile Atlas = C1 Axis = C2 – Odontoid process for rotation Proatlas in crocodiles anterior to atlas

Vertebrae - Birds Centrum is heterocoelous

Vertebrae - birds Numerous cervical vertebrae Single occipital condyle Trunk = Thoracic vertebrae (tend to fuse) Synsacrum – Last thoracic, all lumbar, 2 sacral, some caudal Caudal vertebrae – Pygostyle supports tail feathers

Vertebrae - Mammals Centrum is acelous 7 cervical Thoracics vary Lumbars vary Sacrum 3-5 Caudal – Chevron bone – Coccyx

Vertebrae - Mammal Intervertebral disc Fibrocartilage Pulpy nucleus

Vertebrae - Mammal Craniovertebral joint 2 occipital condyles Atlas Axis Flex, extend, circle, rotate

Key Points – Evolutionary trend of vertebrae Regional differentiation? Head/neck? Sacral stability? Zygapophyses? Loss of notochord?