Demographic Changes in Eighteenth-Century Europe AP European History Unit 4.

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Presentation transcript:

Demographic Changes in Eighteenth-Century Europe AP European History Unit 4

Schedule Thursday, Friday: Social and Cultural Changes of the 18 th century Monday – Review Unit 4 Tuesday –Review Packet Due (receive in class on Monday) Wednesday – Introduction to French Revolution Thursday – Introduction to French Revolution (Causes) Friday – Quiz: Unit 4 (Multiple Choice)

The Agricultural Revolution Agriculture in 1700  Same SOL as Middle Ages  80% of west Europeans were farmers  Low output  Open-Field System  Heavy taxation of peasants

Features of Agricultural Revolution Increased production of food New methods of cultivation Selective breeding of livestock Science and technology applied to agriculture

Agricultural Revolution in England : triple crop yields Crop rotation (Charles Townsend) Seed drill; use of horses for plowing (Jethro Tull) Selective breeding of livestock (Robert Blackwell) Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement Began in 16 th century Ends open-field system Fence fields and common pasture lands Increased commercialization of agriculture Invest in new technology Growth of large farms in England Corn Laws (1815)

Causes of the Population Explosion Agricultural Revolution New foods become staple crops Improved food transportation Better diet = stronger immune systems No more bubonic plague (after 1720) Improved sanitation Wars less destructive Smallpox Vaccination (late 18 th century)

Population Explosion Medical improvements: End of bubonic plague Lady Mary Montagu: original idea of vaccinations Edward Jenner – foundation for science of immunology for vaccine for smallpox Smallpox:  17 th c.: 25% of deaths in England  18 th c: 60 million die  400,000/year on average  80% of Europeans contracted it and were scarred for life : population plateau After 1750: dramatic growth : population grows from 120 million to 190 million Diets in Western Europe Influence of the Columbian Exchange Potato provided Vitamins A and C; average Irish male ate 8-10 pounds of potato a day English have the best diets

Other Demographic Features of 18 th Century Europe Atlantic Slave Trade Loss of “population” after American Revolution (approximately 2.5 million) Increased life expectancy Improved public health techniques Early 18 th century: older marriage ages Late 18 th century: earlier marriage ages Increased # of illegitimate births