1 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Base Load Measures WEATHERIZATION ENERGY AUDITOR SINGLE FAMILY WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010

2 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov By attending this session participants will: Learn the definition of base load measures. Recognize base load measures allowable in the WAP based on Appendix A. Understand how to use utility bill analysis to determine base load usage. Be introduced to tools useful for calculating energy and money savings associated with common base load measures. Learning Objectives BASE LOAD MEASURES

3 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Base Load: The energy used by electric or gas appliances in a home that is not used for space conditioning, thus not a seasonal load. Typical Measures include: Lighting Retrofits. Refrigerator Replacement. Water Heater Modification. Low-flow Fixtures. Base Load Defined BASE LOAD MEASURES

4 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Why Target Electric Base Loads? Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy 30% Space Heating 4% Cooking 15% Water Heating Space Cooling 9% Appliances 27% (other) …. Refrigerator 9% Lighting 6% Percent of Total Energy Costs by End Use in Income Eligible Households BASE LOAD MEASURES

5 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov About half of the electricity used by households with electric heat is for base loads. Many homes heated with fossil fuel have higher annual electric bills than gas or oil bills. Why Target Electric Base Loads? BASE LOAD MEASURES

6 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov 1. Bill Analysis Consumption Analysis 2. Site Survey 3. Reconcile the Two BASE LOAD MEASURES

7 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis 1.Review previous 12 months. 2.Average three lowest months. 3.Multiply by 12 to estimate annual base load usage. Simple Bill Analysis Method BASE LOAD MEASURES

8 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Site Survey Analysis Account for typical consumption. -Where does all the juice go? Build a consumption table based on: -Client interviews. -Known and guesstimated wattages. Hint – Identify the 5 biggest users. Site Survey Analysis BASE LOAD MEASURES

9 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Post-Survey Analysis Are there existing loads whose consumption can be reduced by: -Repair? -Installation or replacement? -Client education? Is it cost effective? Post-Survey Analysis BASE LOAD MEASURES

10 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Examples MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total % Base Load Use Record: Lowest Reading 2 nd Lowest 3 rd Lowest Average Monthly Base Load Record: Lowest Reading 2 nd Lowest 3 rd Lowest Average Monthly Base Load BASE LOAD MEASURES

11 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #1 Date# of DaysReadingkWh 5/7/ /8/ /9/ /8/ /8/ /7/ /4/ /6/ /4/ /6/ /8/ /8/ /7/ BASE LOAD MEASURES

12 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #1 MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan3,356 Feb3,143 Mar1,968 Apr1,031 May538 June522 July874 Aug442 Sept576 Oct1,327 Nov2,206 Dec3,648 Total19,631 % Base Load Use Lowest Reading 2 nd Lowest 3 rd Lowest Average Monthly Base Load ,502/3 = 501 BASE LOAD MEASURES

13 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #1 MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan3, Feb3, Mar1, Apr1, May June July Aug Sept Oct1, Nov2, Dec3, Total19,6316,008 % Base Load Use 31% Lowest Reading nd Lowest rd Lowest 538 Average Monthly Base Load 501 BASE LOAD MEASURES

14 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #1 MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan3, ,855 Feb3, ,642 Mar1, ,467 Apr1, May June July Aug Sept Oct1, Nov2, ,705 Dec3, ,147 Total19,6316,008 % Base Load Use 31% Lowest Reading nd Lowest rd Lowest 538 Average Monthly Base Load 501 BASE LOAD MEASURES

15 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #2 Date# of DaysReadingkWh 1/29/ /30/ /25/ /27/ /28/ /27/ /30/ /30/ /29/ /29/ /30/ /2/ /29/ BASE LOAD MEASURES

16 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #2 MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan344 Feb255 Mar262 Apr312 May390 June455 July416 Aug401 Sept422 Oct330 Nov347 Dec418 Total4,352 % Base Load Use Lowest Reading 2 nd Lowest 3 rd Lowest Average Monthly Base Load /3 = 276 BASE LOAD MEASURES

17 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #2 MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total4,3523,316 % Base Load Use 76% Lowest Reading nd Lowest rd Lowest 312 Average Monthly Base Load 276 BASE LOAD MEASURES

18 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #3 Date# of DaysReadingkWh 2/24/ /26/ /27/ /17/ /18/ /17/ /18/ /21/ /17/ /19/ /21/ /22/ BASE LOAD MEASURES

19 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #3 MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan2,097 Feb1,904 Mar1,826 Apr1,182 May752 June888 July1,314 Aug1,175 Sept1,314 Oct695 Nov1,382 Dec2,341 Total16,870 % Base Load Use Lowest Reading 2 nd Lowest 3 rd Lowest Average Monthly Base Load 2,335/3 = BASE LOAD MEASURES

20 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #3 MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan2, Feb1, Mar1, Apr1, May June July1, Aug1, Sept1, Oct Nov1, Dec2, Total16,8709,340 % Base Load Use 55% Lowest Reading nd Lowest rd Lowest 888 Average Monthly Base Load 778 BASE LOAD MEASURES

21 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Bill Analysis Example #3 MonthBill kWhAve. Base LoadHeat?Cool? Jan2, ,319 Feb1, ,126 Mar1, ,048 Apr1, May June July1, Aug1, Sept1, Oct Nov1, Dec2, ,563 Total16,8709,340 % Base Load Use 55% Lowest Reading nd Lowest rd Lowest 888 Average Monthly Base Load 778 BASE LOAD MEASURES

22 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov The greater the waste, the greater potential for savings. Charts and table from experts, utilities, etc. seldom agree on exact kWh for average or high usage of various appliances. What is High Usage? BASE LOAD MEASURES

23 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Appliance Energy Use (Annual) ApplianceLow kWhMid kWhHigh kWh Refrigerator ,500 Clothes Dryer ,200 Clothes Washer ,200 Indoor Lighting ,200 Air Conditioning Cooking Television Outdoor Lighting Space Heating Motors Stereo Hair Dryer Vacuum Cleaner Miscellaneous BASE LOAD MEASURES

24 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov There may be good potential for savings if a 4-person household uses: More than 600 kWh/month without an electric water heater, or More than 1,000 kWh/month with an electric water heater. (Very) General Rule of Thumb BASE LOAD MEASURES

25 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Base load use affected by: -# of occupants. -Size and efficiency of equipment. -Habits of occupants. Client education is key to effectively reducing base-load energy use. Occupant Impacts BASE LOAD MEASURES

26 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Lighting accounts for up to 10% of total home energy use. With Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL) retrofits, can cut that by 75%. Overall energy reduction of 7.5% for the home. Lighting BASE LOAD MEASURES

27 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov CFLs save energy by producing more light (output) per watt of energy used. The light output is measured in lumens. Lumen Table Incandescent (watts) Minimum Light Output (lumens) Common ENERGY STAR Qualified Bulbs (watts) to to ,10018 to ,60023 to ,60030 to 52 BASE LOAD MEASURES

28 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov CFLs save energy by producing more light output (measured in lumens) per watt of energy used. Lighting Savings Table Incandescent (watts) Average Usage (Hrs/Day) CFL Replacement (watts) Annual Savings* ($/ bulb replaced) * Annual Savings based on $0.11/kWh. BASE LOAD MEASURES

29 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Dimmers Photocells Specialty bulbs (candelabra, reflectors, etc.) Color Scale -CRI: 0 – 100; most CFLs are between Kelvin Temperature K: Warm white/Soft white light (incandescent) K: Cool or Bright White light K: Natural or Daylight Mercury Lighting & CFL Considerations BASE LOAD MEASURES

30 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Most CFLs contain around 4 milligrams of mercury. Reduced electricity use offsets the mercury in the bulb. Mercury? The amount of mercury contained within a typical CFL compared to a US dime. BASE LOAD MEASURES

31 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Replacement includes removal and decommissioning of old unit, must be included in cost for SIR calculations. Only when cost-effective, SIR ≥ 1. Based on metering or recognized database (AHAM, Home Energy, or Weatherization Refrigerator Guide). Must meter at least 10% of units. Refrigerator Replacement BASE LOAD MEASURES

32 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Older models are typically energy hogs. Worn gaskets make the unit run more often. Can guess insulation by pushing on door. − Pushes in easily – likely fiberglass −Does not push in easily – likely solid foam If Coppertone brown, avocado green, or harvest gold.... Replacements can be cost-effective. Refrigerator Replacement BASE LOAD MEASURES

33 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov In NE, adding 11% to DOE rating is a fairly good predictor of actual use. Other factors affect actual use: –Occupants:add 5% per occupant to rated use –Anti-sweat switch on:add 20% to rated use –Through-the-door ice service:add 15% to rated use –Visible gaps in door seal:add 15% to rated use –Refrigerator bought used:add 20% to rated use –Thermostat setting high:add 5% to rated use –Thermostat setting really high:add 10% to rated use No relationship between rated and actual use for refrigerators located in basements. Michael Blasnik’s Refrigerator Study BASE LOAD MEASURES

34 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov At least 2 hours. Disable defrost cycle for duration. Adjust for temperature variation. Metering BASE LOAD MEASURES

35 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Debate over how long a refrigerator must be metered to accurately estimate annual energy use. 1-hour tests accurate within ±10% only 18 times out of hour tests increase ±10% accuracy to 90 times out of 100. Currently recommending at least 2 hours. Metering Duration ≥ 2 Hours BASE LOAD MEASURES

36 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Defrost cycles during metering can significantly affect accuracy of results. Demand of 380 watts or more usually indicates the defrost heaters are on. If no defrost cycle during metering, add 8% to metering results. Defrost Cycles BASE LOAD MEASURES

37 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Defrost Timers Figure Source: Refrigerator Guide Square / Rectangular TimersTypical Timers BASE LOAD MEASURES

38 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Defrost Timer Locations Timer may be found in virtually the same locations in top- or bottom-freezer models or side-by-sides. May be behind lighting panel May be under a small panel in the roof of the food compartment Timer may be located inside the FREEZER section of certain bottom-freezer models. Usually inside of a removable mounting box Most common place is somewhere behind the kickplate. (Shown removed in this illustration.) You may need to lift or move a bundle of wires to see it. Figure Source: Refrigerator Guide BASE LOAD MEASURES

39 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Advancing Defrost Timers Use a broad-tipped screwdriver to advance past the defrost cycle for metering purposes. Remember to add 8% to metered results to account for regular defrost cycles. Some timers have a defrost cycle every 180 degrees; in others, it’s every 360 degrees. 1 st Loud Click 2 nd Loud Click Run Cycle Defrost Cycle Figure Source: Refrigerator Guide BASE LOAD MEASURES

40 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov DeltaT between inside the refrigerator and ambient effects efficiency: 2.25% to 2.5% per °F. To calculate correction factor, multiply the temperature difference by 2.5%. If kitchen is cooler than normal during metering, add the correction. If warmer, subtract. For example, if the kitchen is normally 72°F, but the temperature is 66°F during metering: Adjust for Temperature Variation 1+ (2.5% x (72°F - 66°F)) = 1+ (0.025 x 6) = 1.15 BASE LOAD MEASURES

41 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Refrigerator Calculation If existing refrigerator is metered, assuming typical ambient temperature during metering, kWh/year = is a factor to adjust estimated energy usage since the crew asks the client not to open and close the refrigerator during metering. Source: John Proctor Metered usage (kWh) Metering Duration (minutes) x 60 minutes hour hours year x 8, BASE LOAD MEASURES

42 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Not always possible to meter the refrigerator. –Cannot move fridge without damaging floor. –Difficult access due to cabinets, furniture, stove, etc. –Receptacle suspect. When metering is not possible, use Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) database for energy use of existing refrigerators. Can’t Always Meter BASE LOAD MEASURES

43 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Refrigerator AgeAHAM Energy Data is Inflated By: Less than 5 years old0% 5 to 10 years old10% 10 to 15 years old20% More than 15 years old30% Adjust for Age Refrigerator efficiency degrades between 1% and 2% per year of operation. NEAT tool accounts for this in audit. When using database instead of metering, correct for age of appliance. NEAT Adjustments to AHAM Appliance Energy Data for Refrigerator Age BASE LOAD MEASURES

44 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Control Settings Matter Source: Larry Kinney, E Source, Boulder, CO, 2001 Energy Use of a 15 ft 3 Maytag BASE LOAD MEASURES

45 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Replacement refrigerators must comply with UL 250. Must properly dispose replaced units per Clean Air Act 1990, section 608, as amended by 40 CFR 82, 5/14/93. Cost of disposal, if any, should be reflected in SIR calculation. Other Refrigerators Issues BASE LOAD MEASURES

46 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Even if replacement is not an option, some savings are possible. Clean Refrigerator Coil AverageHigh Energy Savings36 kWh/yr200 kWh/yr $ Savings*$3.96/yr$22.00/yr Frequency of coil cleaning Once/year, 3% savings Never been cleaned * Savings based on $0.11/kWh BASE LOAD MEASURES

47 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Assess condition of appliance. Test draft of gas water heaters. (more information in Combustion Appliances section) Adjust set temperature. Insulate tank and first 6 feet of pipes. Replacement. Reduce hot water use. Water Heating BASE LOAD MEASURES

48 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Damaged? Rusty or corroded? Leaking? Assess Condition Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy This unsheltered water heater is less than 6 months old. BASE LOAD MEASURES

49 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Mark original position of dial. Verify water temperature. Set back to 120°F. Adjust as needed. Adjust Set Temperature BASE LOAD MEASURES Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy

50 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Reduce Setting from 140°F to 120°F AverageHigh Energy Savings343 kWh/yr974 kWh/yr $ Savings*$37.73/yr$107.14/yr Existing DHW Use4,500 kWh/yr6,500 kWh/yr * Savings based on $0.11/kWh BASE LOAD MEASURES

51 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Leave 3”- 6” exposed along bottom for leak detection. Mark access panel. Insulate first 6’ of pipe. Gas - Don’t Insulate top, mind the flames. Electric - Insulate top. Insulate BASE LOAD MEASURES Photo courtesy of US Department of Energy

52 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Cut pipe insulation at an angle to cover elbows. Insulate Don’t insulate too close to the flame on gas water heaters. Pipe is exposed at elbow Insulation too close to flame BASE LOAD MEASURES

53 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Replacement can be based on: Audit. Water Heater Guide on WAPTAC. Health & Safety. Can replace existing water heater in eligible households with: Standard tank water heaters. Whole Home Tankless. Heat Pump Water Heaters. Solar Water Heaters. Replacement Images courtesy of BASE LOAD MEASURES

54 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Cut down on hot water use by repairing leaks and installing low-flow fixtures. Hot Water Use Source: 2008 Buildings Energy Databook. US DOE 6% Faucet Flow 20% Bath Filling Showers 37% Clothes Washer 14% Dishwasher 10%14% Sink Filling BASE LOAD MEASURES

55 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Repair Leaky Hot Water Tap AverageHigh Energy Savings144 kWh/yr3,000 kWh/yr $ Savings*$15.84/yr$330/yr Leakage2 drips/min1 drip/sec * Savings based on $0.11/kWh BASE LOAD MEASURES

56 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Reduce Hot Water Consumption Showers: Replace faucets with flow of ≥ 3 gpm. Lavatory faucets: Install faucet aerators if none exist. Kitchen faucets: Install faucet aerators if none exist. Low-Flow Fixtures BASE LOAD MEASURES

57 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Remove Dryer Vent Restriction Other Base Load Intervention AverageHigh Energy Savings227 kWh/yr455 kWh/yr $ Savings*$24.97/yr$50.05/yr % Savings on 364 Loads/Year 25%50% * Savings based on $0.11/kWh BASE LOAD MEASURES

58 | WEATHERIZATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM STANDARDIZED CURRICULUM – August 2010eere.energy.gov Base load refers to all non-seasonal energy use within the home. About half of home energy use is for base load requirements. Utility bill assessment helps the auditor determine base load usage and related savings potential. Typical measures include lighting retrofits, refrigerator replacement, hot water heater modification or replacement, and reduction of hot water use. Summary BASE LOAD MEASURES