HIST 2509 A History of Germany Lecture 11-1 Nationhood, But National Unity?

Announcement Thursday Workshop on Effi Briest (last name A-L); next Tuesday same (K-Z) -mini-lecture: Bourgeois Society in Wilhelmine Germany followed by workshop -come with notes: one paragraph synopsis of novella - - to be handed in for participation credit

Today’s Main Themes Reactions to Jewish Emancipation So-called Verjüdung of society From religious to cultural and finally racial anti-Semitism in late 19th century -- why?

“We were so German” “We were so assimilated” “We were so middle class” 1933: 600,000 population or 1%

Jewish Population by 1933

Assimilation and conversion Heinrich Heine ( )

More German than the Germans -examples? -family, respect for law and order -reverence for education -morality and respectability -in 1930s memoir: quoting Goethe at every meal

Reich Association of Jewish War Veterans placard 1920

Why Such Outsiders? -historic isolation -- Judengasse to JudenviertelJudengasse to Judenviertel -Teutomania and German nationalism “no fatherland and no interest in ours” -fear of “mongrelization” of German ways

Why Such Outsiders? -equation of Jews with liberalism and liberal ideas -- Hep Hep Riots of 1819 and 1848 revolutionHep Hep Riots of what does it mean to be German? (religion, masculinity, family)

Emancipation and its Discontents With greater assimilation and emancipation - - new definitions to mark outsider status Emergence of racial discourse in late 19th century

I. Emancipation in Real Terms a.the Emancipation Edict of April full citizenship rights: no more oathsno more oaths -no longer need for conversion -could keep names -access to free professions -access to university education

Jewish presence in middle-class occupations by 1933

I. Emancipation in Real Terms b.Verjüdung of society? b.Verjüdung of society? (very bottom) - ”judeification,” Richard Wagner 1850

I. Emancipation in Real Terms c. political, social, cultural integration -Industrial Revolution and changing society -no longer Schnorrer (sponger) and Betteljude (beggars)

I. Emancipation in Real Terms c. political, economic, social, and cultural integration -enterprise, banking, commerce: Deutsche Bank -Georg von Siemens and Ludwig Bamberger -Gerson von Blankröder

I. Emancipation in Real Terms c. political, economic, social, and cultural integration -publishing: Rudolf Mosse Berliner Tageblatt

I. Emancipation in Real Terms c. political, economic, social, and cultural integration -business: Albert Ballin’s Hamburg-Amerika Line Ballin with Kaiser Wilhelm II

By 1914, world’s largest shipping line

I. Emancipation in Real Terms c. political, economic, social, and cultural integration -business: department stores -Tietz-Tietz, Wertheim, KaDe,We -boycotts in 1933

I. Emancipation in Real Terms d. integration, and then some: more German than the Germans -Bildung (education) and Sittlichkeit (morality) -Siegfried, Hedwig, and Helga -Juedische Frauenbund (Jewish Women’s Association) - “three day Jews” -synagogues and cemeteries, Weissensee in Berlin

II. Political Anti-Semitism a.Adolf Stoecker, Christian Social Workers PartyAdolf Stoecker, Christian Social Workers Party b.Wilhelm Marr, “The Victory of the Jews” 1879 c.Heinrich von Treitschke, University of Berlin d.“Anti-Semites Petition,” 1880 e.Theodor Mommsen: moderation

III. The Rise of Science