Republic to Empire

Disorder in the Republic Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal -Soldiers recruited from the poor; show loyalty only to their generals -Riots increased -Massive migration to the city

Julius Caesar Military leader Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C. Military leader Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C. Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form a triumvirate—a group of three leaders. Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey form a triumvirate—a group of three leaders. Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power. Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power. Pompey fears Caesar’s growing power and challenges him. Pompey fears Caesar’s growing power and challenges him. Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt Caesar defeats Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C. Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.

Julius Caesar Love to Hate Him Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor, and creates calendar. Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor, and creates calendar. Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C. Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C.

Rome Becomes an Empire 43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in jealousy and violence. 43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in jealousy and violence. In 31 B.C. Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated at Actium In 31 B.C. Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated at Actium Octavian accepts title of Octavian accepts title of Augustus, “exalted one,” Augustus, “exalted one,” - Roman Empire begins

Rome’s Accomplishments Draw the following chart on the WOW side of your ISN Science & Engineering Architecture & Art Literature & Language Law

Science Calendar Studied plants and animals for farming Studied the body to improve medicine - Galen studied the heart and noted differences between arteries and veins; described the aorta as "a trunk divided into many branches and twigs" that nourished the body.

History of the Capillary Wall

Engineering Cement – mix of lime and volcanic ash and rock Durable roads b/c of layers Strong bridges Aqueducts to move water Combined arches to create vaults (support roof of building)

Arches The design of the arch allowed the weight of buildings to be evenly distributed along various supports, preventing massive Roman structures like the Colosseum from crumbling under their own weight.

Aqueduct The Romans enjoyed many amenities for their day, including public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public baths. None of these aquatic innovations would have been possible without the Roman aqueduct.

The Pantheon

Vault A vault was a combination of arches used to create huge, open spaces within buildings

Architecture Copied Greek designs - columns, marble Colosseum mosaics and paintings (frescoes) Portraits Sculptures

Literature & Language Aeneid by Virgil Ovid – Roman mythology poems Horace – poems about enjoying life Wrote histories, speeches, dramas Wrote in Latin Spoke ROMANCE languages – Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese,

Law greatest influence on the US today Create civil law, or written law Tripartite (three parts)