 The CCD sensor was invented in 1969 by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith of AT&T Bell Labs.  Originally intended as a memory device.

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Presentation transcript:

 The CCD sensor was invented in 1969 by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith of AT&T Bell Labs.  Originally intended as a memory device

 Pixel: Picture Element  CCD: Charge-Coupled Device  CMOS: Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor  Panchromatic: Sensitivity to a wide range of wavelengths of light.

1. Photoelectric effect creates an electron-hole pair when light impinges upon a semiconductor 2. Each pixel accumulates a charge 3. When sampled, the “bucket of charge” for each pixel is transported off-chip to on off-chip amplifier 4. A capacitor is used to convert the charge to a voltage. V = q/C

 Used largely in military and scientific applications.  The image-intensifier is added to a CCD to create an intensified CCD.  Provides single-photon sensitivity  Also enables extremely short exposure times. (down to 200ps)  It reduces the shortcomings of a bare CCD

PhotocathodeMicro-channel Plate (MCP)Phosphor Screen CBA A: 200V Gating Voltage (variable) B: 1000V Micro-channel plate C: 6kV acceleration voltage A > 0: Shutter is open (gated) A < 0: Shutter is closed

A: 200V Gating Voltage (variable) B: 1000V Micro-channel plate C: 6kV acceleration voltage A > 0: Shutter is open (gated) A < 0: Shutter is closed PhotocathodeMicro-channel Plate (MCP)Phosphor Screen CBA e-e- e - s (1000x)

PhotocathodeMicro-channel Plate (MCP)Phosphor Screen

 Is officially defined as the percentage of photons hitting a surface that will produce electron-hole pairs › Regular photographic film is about 10% › Human Eye is about 3% › CCDs can have a QE of more than 90% at some wavelengths  Useful for rating solar cells  Doesn’t account for unwanted recombination in material

Quantum Efficiency of CCD used in Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide-Field and Planetary Camera 2

 When charges are shifted from pixel to pixel it is the loss associated with each shift. A value of is actually bad!  Most CCDs use shifts to read a single pixel out.

 Thermal excitations can excite electrons into the conduction band  This is the reason that most CCDs require extensive cooling (-90 to -40 °C)

 Electronic amplifiers are not perfect and introduce their own noise.  This determines the “noise floor” of the CCD. It sets the limitation of how faint of an object a CCD can see.

 Optically insensitive structures for each pixel (absorption loss)  Natural reflection of certain wavelengths (reflection loss)  Very long and very short wavelengths pass straight through sensor without generating an electron (transmission loss)

 CCDs are simple application of the photoelectric effect  Intensified CCDs improve the light sensitivity of a bare CCD  Intensified CCDs are used in military and scientific application (mostly astronomy)

 al_Camera.pdf al_Camera.pdf   per_Digital_Cinema_ _03-70.pdf per_Digital_Cinema_ _03-70.pdf    