PowerPoint Presentations for Seventh Edition Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann Prepared by Beth M. Schwartz Randolph College This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter 10 Personality This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Personality Personality Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

What Forces Shape Our Personalities? Personality is shaped by the combined forces of biological, situational, and mental processes—all embedded in a sociocultural and developmental context. Key Question 10.1: What forces shape our personalities? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 10.1 Personality as the Psychology of the Whole Person We can think of personality as the intersection of all the psychological characteristics and processes that make us both human and, at the same time, different from everyone else. Figure 10.1 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

What persistent patterns, or dispositions, make up our personalities? The dispositional theories all suggest a small set of personality characteristics, known as temperaments, traits, and types, provide consistency to the individual’s personality over time. Key Question 10.2: What persistent patterns, or dispositions, make up our personalities? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

What persistent patterns, or dispositions, make up our personalities? Hippocrates Humors Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance Figure 10.2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Personality and Temperament Biologically based Apparent in early childhood Establishes the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors Differences arise from balance of neurotransmitters Influenced by learning Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Personality as a Composite of Traits Stable personality characteristics Presumed to exist within the individual Guide thoughts and actions under various conditions Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Patterns in Personality The “Big Five” traits; five fundamental dimensions: Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 10.3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Assessing Traits: Personality Inventories NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) Important attributes of good psychological tests: Reliability Validity Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

How Do Mental Processes Shape Our Personalities? While each of the process theories sees different forces at work in personality, all portray personality as the result of both internal mental processes and social interactions. Key Question 10.3: How do mental processes shape our personalities? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Psychodynamic Theories Emphasis on motivation, the unconscious, and mental disorders Psychoanalysis Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders Psychoanalytic Theory Freud’s theory of personality Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and Instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and Instincts Eros Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative Libido Thanatos Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and Instincts Eros Drives people to experience sensual pleasure Libido Thanatos Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and Instincts Eros Libido Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors Thanatos Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Model of the Mind Figure 10.4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality Structure Id Superego Ego Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality Structure Id Primitive, unconscious portion of personality; houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories Superego Ego Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality Structure Id Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society; same as common notion of conscience Superego Ego Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality Structure Id Conscious, rational part of personality; charged with keeping peace between superego and id Superego Ego Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychosexual Stages Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Oedipus Complex A largely unconscious process Boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother and then to females of their own age. Boys identify with their fathers. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Identification The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Fixation Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Ego Defense Mechanisms Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety Denial Rationalization Reaction formation Regression Repression Sublimation Projection Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Projective Tests Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection Rorschach inkblot technique Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Rorschach inkblot technique Figure 10.5 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Thematic Apperception Test Figure 10.6 Images similar to this one are used in the TAT to elicit motivational themes from respondents. Figure 10.6 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychic Determinism Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Evaluating Freud’s Work Objections Unscientific Retrospective Gender issues Views of the unconscious Neo-Freudians Retained the psychodynamic emphasis Kept idea of personality driven by motivational energy Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Personal Unconscious Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id Collective Unconscious Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus The male archetype Anima The female archetype Shadow Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves Anima Shadow Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Introversion The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience—one’s own thoughts and feelings—making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert Extraversion The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Jung’s Opposing Tendencies in Personality Table 10.2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology Basic Anxiety An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment Neurotic Needs Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Horney’s Ten Neurotic Needs Table 10.3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Humanistic Theories Emphasis on human potential and mental health Abraham Maslow Healthy personality Self-actualizers Needs in a hierarchy Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality Self-Actualizing Personalities Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Humanistic Theories Emphasis on human potential and mental health Carl Rogers Fully functioning person Positive and congruent self-concept Conditional and unconditional relationships Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Term for a self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person Phenomenal Field Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings Unconditional Positive Regard Love or caring without conditions attached Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Roger’s Phenomenal Field Figure 10.7 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Positive Psychology: The New Humanism? Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social-Cognitive Theories: Emphasis on Social Learning Observational Learning Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others Albert Bandura Expectations of rewards or punishments People learn through observing what happens to others (role models). Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social-Cognitive Theories: Emphasis on Social Learning Reciprocal Determinism Process in which the person, situation, and environment mutually influence each other Insert Figure 10.8 here Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Rotter’s Theory: Locus of Control An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate Internal vs. external Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Approach Focuses on rational information processing. Overlooks the role of emotion and the unconscious Solid psychological research provides evidence for this approach. Provides explanation and treatments for a number of mental disorders Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

What “Theories” Do People Use to Understand Themselves and Others? Our understanding of ourselves and others is based on implicit theories of personality and our own self-narrative—both of which are influenced by culture. Key Question 10.4: What theories do people use to understand themselves and others? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Implicit Personality Theories Unquestioned assumptions about personality; used to simplify the task of understanding others Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

The Stories of Our Lives Self-Narratives Stories one tells about oneself Creates consistencies through their personalities over time Self-concept over time Redemptive Self The impact of American culture A desire to overcome obstacles in the effort to help others Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Culture and Personality Individualism vs. Collectivism Focus on the individual vs. focus on the group Fundamental Attribution Error Overestimating the causes of any behavior as primarily a function of dispositional factors rather than social-situational factors Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Biology, Human Nature, and Personality According to neuroscientists and evolutionary psychologists: Brain modules that influence personality: sex aggression hunger thirst achievement Environmental Influences: Early childhood experiences Birth order Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Personality Disorders Long-standing maladaptive personality patterns Narcissistic personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved