Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Goods Movement as a Community Economic Development Opportunity

Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Data Source: Employment Projections Program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics National Demand Projections in Goods and Materials-Moving Occupations OCCUPATION (SOC) Predicted Empl. Change % Distribution Job Openings, Growth & Replacement (thousands) All occupations %100% 50,928.5 Transport. and material moving occupations %6.50%6.14%2,856.5 Supervisors, transp.& material moving workers %0.26%0.24%77.4 Air transportation occupations %0.09%0.10%69.2 Motor vehicle operators %2.76%2.73%1,123.6 Rail transportation occupations %0.08% 54.9 Water transportation occupations %0.05% 46.3 Other transportation workers %0.20%0.19%127.8 Material moving occupations %3.03%2.72%1,357.3

Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council OCCUPATION (SOC) U.S. Annual Median Wage Philadelphia Region Annual Median Wage All Occupations ( )$33,840 $38,190 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations ( )$28,400 $30,610 Supervisors of Transp. & Materials Moving Workers ( )$48,639 $56,095 Air Transportation Workers ( )$70,487 $95,526 Motor Vehicle Operators ( )$31,695 $34,033 Rail Transportation Workers ( )$47,940 n/a Water Transportation Workers ( )$51,394 $57,277 Other Transportation Workers ( )$24,911 n/a Material Moving Workers ( )$24,516 $27,329 Data Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics Salaries in Goods Moving Industries

Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Data Source: County Business Patterns, US Census Bureau Industry Employment Trends: INDUSTRY Change in Employment Average Yearly Change in Employment Average Yearly Percent Share of Total Employment US Phila. Region US Phila. Region US Phila. Region All Industries3.43%0.75%0.55%0.33%100% Wholesale; Transportation & Warehousing (NAICS 42; 48-9) 4.05%6.60%0.65%1.03%8.66%8.72%

$1.2 billion Port of Oakland expansion Environmental mitigation plan (2000) was part of settlement of 1998 lawsuit by Golden Gate Environmental Law and Justice Clinic Also in 2000, the Port, its general contractor and the signatories unions of the Building Trades Council signed a unique Project Labor Agreement, MAPLA (Maritime and Aviation Project Labor Agreement). Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

MAPLA approach to construction outcomes Premium placed on opportunities for new job seekers to get access to construction trades careers. This required: – construction local hire programs requiring utilization of apprentices on site – requiring some or all of those apprentices to be residents of low-income neighborhoods. – Efforts to provide long-term support to apprentices, to help them confront barriers like inconsistent volume of work, racism and challenges qualifying for and completing apprenticeship training Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

MAPLA implementation Targeted an extremely broad applicant pool that included the Cities of Oakland, Alameda, San Leandro and Emeryville – (Local Impact Area, or LIA) Included policy language clearly stating the purpose of the local hiring program: to serve historically disadvantaged individuals. – goal that residents of the LIA will perform 50% of all hours worked. – A goal that 20% of the work be performed by apprentices, all of whom should reside in the LIA. Engaged locally trusted organizations in developing the pipeline of low-income workers for new apprenticeships Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

Lessons of MAPLA Back numerical goals/requirements up with concrete policy language (define ‘good faith effort’!) “The point is to figure out what steps developers and employers would be taking if they were actually trying to hire people in the targeted applicant pool. When employers claim they’ve made every effort, they should be able to show that they’ve taken these steps. When employers fail to show significant local hire outcomes, the policy language should help us distinguish between those that are trying but are failing to get results and those employers that are simply not making appropriate efforts” (Julian Gross) Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

Local workforce development achievements of MAPLA Through September 2007: Total of 3,144,954 hours worked; 31% worked by local residents; 12.8% completed by apprentices; 6.2% completed by local resident apprentices; Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

New challenge: Oakland Army Base redevelopment 1800 acre area – decommissioned as army base in acres slated for redevelopment in first phase developer selected - groups advocating for contractor commitment to quality jobs, including permanent jobs Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

Coalition for Clean and Safe Ports Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach support >100,000 jobs in southern CA Huge health impacts associated with inefficiencies in port trucking industry - 40,000 diesel trucks daily (estimated to increase to 120,000 daily by 2025) Coalition started in 2005 – “blue-green alliance” focused on the link between environmental health impacts and wages/working conditions for truck drivers. Members include: Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) Physicians for Social Responsibility Sierra Club Harbor Vision Task Force Unions: IBEW, Teamsters, Teachers, Laborers Political groups (Mexican American Political Aliance); faith-based orgs Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (2006) jointly released by Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach - targets primary sources of air emissions at the 2 Ports, including ships, trains, trucks, and cargo handling equipment Key feature was Clean Trucks Program, which 1) phased out the most polluting trucks 2) incentivized trucking companies to replace their old fleets, and (3) restricted port access to trucking companies that met, environmental, employment, and operational standards. Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

Port truck drivers Motor carrier act of 1980 had changed nature of industry – most port truck drivers are now “independent contractors” affiliated with trucking firms expenses associated with owning their trucks diminish drivers’ earnings One study found that average port trucker in U.S. works 59 hours a week, but only takes home just $28,783 pre-taxes Just 10% of drivers in L.A. County have health insurance Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

“Concessions program” aspect of the Clean Trucks program Put Licensed Motor carriers in direct relationship with the Port Authorized port to oversee environmental, public health, and employment impacts of port trucks and included a provision that truck drivers must be employed directly by a trucking company (amounted to a ban on independent owner-operators) Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

American Trucking Association initiated litigation against the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach in response to employee mandates (claimed that the concession plan was pre-empted by a federal statute) Port of Long Beach never enacted mandates Port of Los Angeles prohibited from doing so in 2009 by a court injunction – injunction overturned 2010 but the case is now tied up in the appeals process Federal legislation now under consideration would grant ports discretion in enacting Clean Truck programs Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (2006) featured the Los Angeles and Long Beach Clean Trucks Program Clean Truck Program: (1) banned polluting trucks (2) incentivized replacement of old fleets, and (3) restricted port access to trucking companies that including meeting environmental, employment, and operational standards (Montgomery 2011)

a CBA is a mechanism by which affected stakeholders direct a portion of the publicly created value increment toward mitigation of [development’s negative] effects. For others, however, the CBA represents a tool to rely on captured value to affirmatively pursue broader objectives such as poverty reduction… The question of whether benefits that alleviate underlying social distress are as appropriate as those that directly mitigate project harms looms large... Some argue that wage standards for low income city residents, for example, have no place in the redevelopment deals that private sector actors reach with planning departments and redevelopment authorities. -- Wolf-Powers, “Community Benefits Agreements in a Value Capture Context” Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

Resources Samonne Montgomery ORGANIZING FOR REGIME CHANGE: AN ANALYSIS OF THREE COMMUNITY-LABOR COALITIONS IN LOS ANGELES, (Dissertation manuscript, PhD program in city planning, Rutgers University) Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

Resources Kathleen Mulligan-Hansel, Making Development Work for Local Residents: Local Hire Programs and Implementation Strategies that Serve Local Communities (Partnership for Working Families) Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council Laura Wolf-Powers, PhD Assistant Professor, City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania School of Design Healthy People Global Goods Clean Air Council

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