Cellular Respiration Pp 69 – 73 & 217 - 237.

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Cellular Respiration Pp 69 – 73 & 217 - 237

3.7 Cell respiration (Core) 3.7.1 Define cell respiration. 3.7.2 State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. 3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP. 3.7.4 Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP.

8.1 Cell respiration (AHL) 8.1.1 State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of electrons; and that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen. 8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation. 8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs. 8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen. 8.1.5 Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis. 8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function.

Define cell respiration Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP Glucose is the major substrate for respiration Adenosine triphosphates (ATP) is the molecule which directly fuels the majority of biological reactions.

Why cell respiration? Cells require a constant source of energy to perform various tasks e.g. Movement Transport Division

Types of Respiration (i) Anaerobic Respiration (ii) Aerobic Respiration Occurs in the absence of Oxygen Occurs in presence of Oxygen Occurs in the cells’ cytoplasm Occurs in the cells’ mitochondria Yields small amount of ATP (2 molecules) per molecule of glucose Yields large amount of ATP (38 molecules) per molecule of glucose Involves fermentation of pyruvate to lactate in muscles/CO2 & ethanol in plant & yeast Does not involve fermentation

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): ATP is the chemical molecule which directly fuels the majority of biological reactions About 1025 ATP molecules are hydrolysed to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) daily ADP is reduced back to ATP using the free energy from the oxidation of organic molecules

ATP Cycle

Glycolysis and Cell Respiration all types of cell respiration starts with glycolysis glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell 1 glucose molecules is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules there is a net production of 2 ATP molecules glycolysis does not require oxygen the fate of pyruvate depends on presence or absence of oxygen

Anaerobic Cell Respiration anaerobic cell respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen during glycolysis glucose is broken breakdown in the cytoplasm leading to the production of pyruvate, production of small amount of energy (2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose) in muscles, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid during lactic acid fermentation anaerobic respiration occurs in animals during intense muscular activity in yeast & plant cells, pyruvate is converted into alcohol (ethanol) & CO2 during alcoholic fermentation no additional APT is produced during fermentation

Outline the process of aerobic respiration during glycolysis glucose is partially oxidized in the cytoplasm small amount ATP produced during glycolysis two pyruvate molecules are formed by glycolysis pyruvate absorbed into mitochondrion pyruvate is broken down in the mitochondrion in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide & water large amount of energy in form of ATP is produced per glucose molecule

Forms of oxidation and reduction cellular respiration involves oxidation & reduction (redox) reactions oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen by a substance reduction involves a gain of electrons, losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen by a substance

Summary of oxidation and reduction

Animation: How the NAD+ Works

Process of glycolysis glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm of the cell & does not require oxygen hexose sugar (glucose) is phosphorylated using ATP hexose biphosphate is split (lysis) into two triose phosphates triose phosphates are oxidised by removal of hydrogen by NAD+ NAD+ is concerted to NADH + H+ there is net gain of 2 ATP molecules (2 ATP are used & 4 ATP produced) 2 pyruvate molecules are produced per glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis

Animation: How Glycolysis Works

Structure of a mitochondrion the electron micrograph on the left shows the structure of a mitochondrion as seen under the electron microscope draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a mitochondrion explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function

electron micrograph interpretive drawing

Structural adaptation of mitochondrion to its function large inner surface area of cristae for respiratory complexes such as electron transport chains matrix contains DNA and ribosomes for protein (enzyme) synthesis it also contains Krebs cycle enzymes double membrane(s) isolates metabolic processes from the rest of the cytoplasm small intermembrane space between inner and outer membranes allows accumulation of protons for chemiosmosis

Aerobic respiration

Stages of aerobic respiration aerobic respiration includes the following: glycolysis; basis of aerobic cell respiration, produces ATP, reduced coenzymes & pyruvate link reaction; pyruvate is transported into the matrix of the mitochondria Krebs Cycle; decarboxylation of carbon fragments to yield ATP and reduced coenzymes electron transport chain; reduced coenzymes are used to generate more ATP

Key players in aerobic respiration Glucose: substrate, source of fuel NAD+/FAD+: electron carriers Enzymes: mediate entire process Mitochondria: site of aerobic respiration ATP: principal end product Protons/Electrons: sources of potential energy Oxygen: final electron acceptor

Link reaction Link reaction forms the link between glycolysis & Krebs cycle pyruvate from glycolysis enters a mitochondrion enzymes in the matrix of the mitochondria remove one carbon dioxide and hydrogen from the pyruvate hydrogen is accepted by NAD+ to forms NADH + H+ removal of hydrogen is oxidation removal of carbon dioxide is decarboxylation the whole process in link reaction is oxidative decarboxylation the product is an acetyl group which reacts with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA which enters Krebs cycle

Krebs Cycle During Krebs Cycle, also called citric acid cycle, oxidative decarboxylation of the C2 Acetyl group (CH3CO) occurs yielding ATP, reduced coenzymes & CO2 is produced as a by-product Acetyl CoA joins with the C4 acceptor group - oxaloacetate CoA is released to transport more pyruvate into the matrix A C6 fragment, citrate is formed C6 Citrate is oxidatively decarboxylated A C5 group is formed The Carbon is given off as CO2 NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+ The C5 fragment is oxidised and decarboxylated further to a C4 compound Again the carbon removed forms CO2 NAD+ is further reduced to NADH + H+ The final stage in the cycle has the C4 acceptor regenerated There is a reduction of NAD+ to NADH + H+ FAD (Coenzyme)is reduced to FADH2 ADP is reduced to ATP

Animation: How the Krebs Cycle Works

Oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation occurs during the electron transport chain electrons are passed between electron carriers this occurs in cristae of mitochondria releasing energy the energy released is used to move protons against their concentration gradient into the intermembrane space between the two membranes finally, the protons join with oxygen to produce water protons flow back to the matrix through the enzyme, ATP synthase this movement of protons (hydrogen ions ) down the concentration gradient is called chemiosmosis energy is released from chemiosmosis which produces more ATP (i.e. combines ADP and Pi)

Chemiosmosis There is high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space & lower concentration in the matrix ATP synthetase is an enzyme embedded in the cristae membrane H+create an electrochemical gradient (chemical potential energy) The H+ passes through a channel in the enzyme driving the motor The motor spins generating energy which bringing together ADP and Pi to produce ATP

Animation: Electron Transport System and ATP Synthesis

Animation: Electron Transport System and Formation of ATP

Control of Cellular Respiration The important switch in the control of respiration is the enzyme phosphofructokinase This enzyme catalyzes step 3 of glycolysis Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by ADP or AMP. An example of end-product inhibition in control of metabolic pathway It is also inhibited by citric acid. This synchronizes the rates of glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

"Cell Respiration" - Cellular Respiration Song

Self Assessment Questions (SAQs) Define the term cell respiration [2] Outline the process of anaerobic cell respiration in yeast [6] Outline the process of aerobic cell respiration [6] Outline the process of glycolysis [5] Draw labelled diagram of a mitochondrion as seen in an electron micrograph [5] Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function [5] Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis [9]