Introduction to Verbs Chapter 15

Exegetical Insight 1 John 2:1 and 3:6 1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|( para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n Cristo.n di,kaion\ 1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ

English Grammar Verb – a word that describes action or state of being. –I am studying Greek. –Greek is the language of the New Testament. Person –First (I, we) –Second (you) –Third (he, she, it, they) Number – either singular or plural –I am the teacher. –You are the students. Agreement – A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. Time – when the action takes place (past, present, future)

English Grammar Tense – In English, tense refers to both the time of the action and the form of the word. –I study – present tense –I will study – future tense –I studied – past tense Note: the time of the verb is from the standpoint of the speaker/writer, not the reader. Aspect: What is the difference between: –I studied last night. –I was studying last night. –The difference is in the kind of action: completed versus continuous.

English Grammar Aspect and time presentpastfuture completedI studyI studiedI will study continuousI am studying I was studying I will be studying

English Grammar Voice – refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb. –Active – the subject does the action of the verb. Bill hit the ball. –Passive – the subject receives the action of the verb. Bill was hit by the ball.

Greek Verbs Tenses Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect

Greek Verbs- tenses Present Shows action in present time

Greek Verbs- tenses Future Shows action of the verb as defined in the future.

Greek Verbs- tenses Aorist Simple, undefined action.

Greek Verbs- tenses Imperfect Continuous or linear action in past time.

Greek Verbs- tenses Perfect The action was completed in the past, but has lasting and continuing results into the future.

Greek Verbs- tenses Pluperfect The action was completed in the past, with continuing results in the past.

Greek Verbs- Moods Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Optative Participle* Infinitive

Greek Verbs- Moods Indicative Makes an assertion of fact

Greek Verbs- Moods Imperative A command to do something.

Greek Verbs- Moods Subjunctive Makes an assertion about which there is some doubt, uncertainty, or indefiniteness

Greek Verbs- Moods Optative Usually expresses a wish or desire.

Greek Verbs- Moods Participle* A verbal adjective

Greek Verbs- Moods Infinitive* A verbal noun

Greek Verbs- Voices Active Passive Middle

Greek Verbs- Voices Active Action was completed by the subject of the verb.

Greek Verbs- Voices Passive The subject receives the action of the verb.

Greek Verbs- Voices Middle The subject acts in some way upon itself or to itself.

Present Active Indicative Present tense stem + Connecting Vowel + Primary active personal endings lu + o + men = luvomen

Greek Verbs- Charts Stem: This is the part of the verb that carries the basic meaning. Connecting vowel: Greek verbs sometimes need a vowel after the stem to aid in the pronunciation of the word. Personal endings: Suffixes added to the end of the verb indicating person and number

Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs Straight Verbs do not have case or gender; nouns do not have person. Nouns –Case, gender, number Verbs –Tense, voice, mood, person and number

Greek Verbs- Charts Our first set of endings and the primary active endings are as follows: 1s-w 2s-eiV 3s-ei 1p-omen 2p-ete 3p-ousi(n)

Greek Verbs- Charts Parsing: the breaking down of the verb and denoting of: person, number, tense, voice, mood, lexical form, and definition of inflected form. Lexical form: For verbs, this will be the 1st person singular, present indicative.

Paradigm: Present Active Indicative- luvvw TenseAug/ Tense TenseConn.Personal 1st Sing. RedupStemForm.VowelEndingsParadigm Present Presento / ePrim actluvw 1sgluvw I am loosing o- 2sgluveiV You are loosing eV 3sgluvei he/she/it is loosing ei 1plluvomen we are loosing omen 2plluvete ya’ll are loosing ete 3plluvousi(n) they are loosing onsi

Primary Active ending 1s -w 2s -eiV 3s -ei 1p -omen 2p -ete 3p -ousi(n)

Greek Verbs- Tense Aspect: This can be either continuous or undefined. –Aspect ALWAYS takes precedence over time Time: Present tense generally indicates an action occurring in the present tense.

Verbs & Personal Pronouns It is not usually necessary to provide the personal pronoun as the subject of a verb because the verb ending indicates the personal pronoun subject of the verb. Reasons for including the personal pronoun are twofold: –Emphasis. –Gender.

Beta th.n fwnh.n auvtou/ avkou,eij You hear its sound

Gamma evxousi,an e;cei o` ui`o.j tou/ avnqrw,pou the son of man has authority

Delta to. fw/j tou/ ko,smou tou,tou ble,pousin They see the light of the world