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2 Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(involuntary) Somatic nervous System (voluntary) Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System

3 PNS CNS 1.Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system 2.Somatic (voluntary) nervous system

4 Stimulus Sensory System CNS MotorSystem (neurone) Somatic system (voluntary) Autonomic system (involuntary) Striated muscleSmooth muscle & glands Effector Response (Brain / spinal cord) (neurone)

5 Brain protected by cranium Spinal cord by vertebral column Brain protected by cranium Spinal cord by vertebral column

6 Cerebro-spinal fluid: supplies oxygen & nutrients; absorbs shock; maintain shape & prevent collapse

7 Hypo thalamus 1b 1c 1e

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9 1.Numerous convolution - more neurones 2.Voluntary function 3.Left half controls the right side of body while right half controls the left side of body 4.Right hemisphere – spatial & musical sense 5.Left hemisphere – mathematical & language 1.Numerous convolution - more neurones 2.Voluntary function 3.Left half controls the right side of body while right half controls the left side of body 4.Right hemisphere – spatial & musical sense 5.Left hemisphere – mathematical & language

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11 Degree of representation of the different muscles of the body in the motor cortex

12 1.Sensory areas – receive impulse form different receptors. 2.Motor areas – send out impulse to different effectors 3.Association areas - integrating, interpreting and storing information, memory, learning, reasoning & intelligence 1.Sensory areas – receive impulse form different receptors. 2.Motor areas – send out impulse to different effectors 3.Association areas - integrating, interpreting and storing information, memory, learning, reasoning & intelligence

13 Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Cerebrum Pituitary gland Spinal cord Ventricle Hypothalamus

14 1.Made of 2 cerebellar hemispheres 2.Right half control left side and left half control right side 3.Coordinate (but not initiate) muscle contraction (voluntary) and maintain balance & posture (involuntary) 4.Well developed in fast moving animals (e.g birds & fishes)

15 1.Main control centre for autonomic nervous system (e.g. heartbeat, blood pressure) 2.Receives impulse from internal organ and relays to effector (via medulla and spinal) 3.Monitor hormone (e.g. thyroxine), metabolite (e.g. CO 2) & body temperature 4. Linkage of nervous & hormonal system Hypo thalamus

16 1.Control unconscious & involuntary actions (influenced by impulses from hypothalamus) 2.Brain reflex centre to regulate autonomic activities (heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing). 3.Contains chemoreceptors (e.g. pH) 1.Control unconscious & involuntary actions (influenced by impulses from hypothalamus) 2.Brain reflex centre to regulate autonomic activities (heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing). 3.Contains chemoreceptors (e.g. pH)

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19 1.Coordinating centre for involuntary reflex action 2.Provide pathway for transmitting impulse to and from the brain that controls voluntary actions

20 PNS CNS 1.Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system 2.Somatic (voluntary) nervous system

21 (2) Somatic Nervous System of PNS (voluntary) (1) Autonomic Nervous System of PNS (involuntary)

22 1.Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System 2.Automatic and involuntary control 3.Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle) 4.2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady internal environment 5.Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ 1.Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System 2.Automatic and involuntary control 3.Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle) 4.2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady internal environment 5.Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ

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24 Neurotransmitter = noradrenalin Widespread effect Withstand stress / emergency adrenalin

25 Neurotransmitter = acetylocholine Effect localized & individual Opposite to sympathetic Maintain steady state Neurotransmitter = acetylocholine Effect localized & individual Opposite to sympathetic Maintain steady state

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27 Brain + lower part of spinal Middle part of spinal

28 FeaturesSympatheticParasympathetic (1) Fibre fromThoracic, lumbar Cranial, sacral (2) NeurotransmitterNoradrenalinAcetylcholine (3) ForStressfulNon-stressful (4) Effectwidespreadlocalized

29 1.Spinal reflex: spinal cord; Cranial reflex: brain 2.Inborn, stereotyped, rapid, automatic 3.Unconscious & involuntary (not involve cerebrum) 4.Cannot prevent nor modify 5.Instinctive behaviour & immediate protection 1.Spinal reflex: spinal cord; Cranial reflex: brain 2.Inborn, stereotyped, rapid, automatic 3.Unconscious & involuntary (not involve cerebrum) 4.Cannot prevent nor modify 5.Instinctive behaviour & immediate protection

30 (1) Stimulus (2) Receptor (3) CNS (spinal cord) (4) Effector (5) Response sensory neurone motor neurone

31 b c e d g

32 b c e d

33 1.Acquired (not inherited) through training or learning. 2.Replace a normal stimulus by a unrelated stimulus to give same response. 3.Initial skills by voluntary; then become unconscious (conditional reflex) 4.Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt the environment (i.e. avoid danger) 1.Acquired (not inherited) through training or learning. 2.Replace a normal stimulus by a unrelated stimulus to give same response. 3.Initial skills by voluntary; then become unconscious (conditional reflex) 4.Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt the environment (i.e. avoid danger)

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35 1.Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning 2.Receptor  Spinal cord  sensory area (cerebrum) 1.Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning 2.Receptor  Spinal cord  sensory area (cerebrum) 3. Association area (cerebrum) for integration & decision. 4. Motor area (cerebrum)  Motor neurone  Relay  Effector 3. Association area (cerebrum) for integration & decision. 4. Motor area (cerebrum)  Motor neurone  Relay  Effector b c d d

36 Reflex ActionConditional reflexVoluntary Action (1) Inborn, instinctive Acquired via experience / learning Acquired via thinking / reasoning (2) Cerebrum not involved Cerebrum involved (3) Involuntary & unconscious Voluntary & less conscious Voluntary & conscious (4) Fast actionSlow action (5)Same stimulus same response Unrelated stimulus same response Same stimulus different response