Active demand management of Electrical Vehicles charged by residential grids. Engineer Ron Davidescu

THE ONE AND ONLY

2013

End-Use Sector Shares of Total Consumption

USA Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector 71 %93 %

The wild card – The price of oil The price of oil is influenced by unexpected local and international events therefore it is very difficult to predict

US Electric Generation

CO2 Emissions

Well-to-Wheels Efficiency

The electric cars are coming……… iMiEV Audi A1 e-tron Ford Focus EV Toyota Prius* Mercedes SLS Tesla Model X Mercedes A-Class BMW Active E Honda Fit EV Volvo C30 EV 2014 Nissan Leaf Chevy Volt* Volvo V60 EV Audi A3 e-tron Tesla Model S VW E- Golf Kia Sol The Obama-Biden comprehensive New Energy for America plan will put 1 million plug-in hybrid cars on the road by 2015 Source :

In large numbers ……. Predicted US EV and EVSE sales 2010 – 2015 Source: Smart Grid Applications, US; Global Insights

AC and DC charging require specific charging hardware L1 AC chargingL2 AC chargingL3 DC charging Simple and cheap (normal household outlet sufficient) Long charging time (~8-10 hrs) Fast charging (~2-4 hrs) Charging time still too long Very fast charging (~30 min) Expensive power charger Differences between L1 AC, L2 AC, and L3 DC charging L3 DC charging is not applicable to residential network Source: Siemens Energy

Concern : Overload of the distribution network Because L2 charges represent an electricity load similar to a air conditioned house,even small percentage of Electrical Vehicle implementation has a significant impact on common residential electrical network * Assuming a transformer rating of 37.5kVA and unity power factor The most serious concern utilities have is controlling when EVSE load is applied to their grid. A high percentage of consumers will instinctively charge their Evs,when they get home from work. The absence of load management would likely have a destabilizing effect on the grid. Source : www. silverspringnetworks.com

Electric cars and the network infrastructure Available network capacity – No EV Source :

Electric cars and the network infrastructure Available network capacity – 25 % EV penetration Source :

Electric cars and the network infrastructure Smart grid Infrastructure allows utilities to handle this effect by enabling smarter charging. Two way interactive communication,control and monitor abilities between the smart meter, relays and management software allows better operation of the charging process and preventing failures and lower quality network.

19 Active control How to control recharging? (I)  What should be known? –State of charge, i.e. how empty is the battery? –Charging power (kW), i.e. slow or fast charging –The driver’s preference, i.e. when should the battery be fully recharged (within 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours etc.)

20 Active control How to assign recharging? (2)

 Harmonic Analyzer –THD, TDD, up to 40 th harmonics (incl. angles)  Real-time Waveform Capture –128 samples/cycle  Programmable Logical Controller -16 control set points, thresholds and delays -Standard 2DI/1DO, Optional 4DI/2DO, 12DI/4DO (total 14DI/5DO) or 4 AO  Event and Data Recording –Over 90 days history storage  Real Time Clock –Backup for 60 days  Built-in RS-485 and IR Ports  Second optional communication: RS-485, RS-232, Ethernet, Profibus, RF, GPRS EM133 - DIN Rail Mounted Energy Meter  Multifunctional 3-Phase Smart Meter –More than 120 monitored parameters –16×2 character LCD display  Billing/TOU Revenue Energy Meter –Class 0.5S precision The system is based on a accurate three phase meter, equipped with internal digital relay outputs and two way communication, integrated into the charging doc. The meter acts as a charging controller and communicates with a cloud management software through secure communication

 Easy to use, energy management tool.  Complete data flow admin:  Collecting from meters  Analyzing, including virtual meters  Various displays  Manual/automatic decisions for load control  Alarms and Events  Messages, s, SMS  Historical information  MS-SQL database  Remote control over relays  Billing and invoicing  Full bill customization Energy management Software

Electric cars and the network infrastructure Available network capacity – 25 % EV penetration Source : Intelligent demand and supply management results in less required extra peak and reserve capacity

LEARN FROM MISTAKES !!!

Conclusions Electricity system and network infrastructure can handle large numbers of electric cars through active demand Management of electrical vehicle charging points. Is done through controllers that communicates with a central management software utilizing secure communication. That allows the EV user to interface with the electrical supplier and on the same time gives the network full control of the demand side of the EV charging process..

Smart Grid – Cyber Security The Cyberspace Policy Review initiated by President Obama advised that “the Federal government should work with the private sector to define public-private partnership roles and responsibilities for the defense of privately owned critical infrastructure and key resources.” Specifically, the review recommended that as “the United States deploys new Smart Grid technology, the Federal government must ensure that security standards are developed and adopted to avoid creating unexpected opportunities for adversaries to penetrate these systems or conduct large-scale attacks.” Source : The fact that the Smart Grid is connected to an Electrical Vehicle makes the security concern even bigger !!!