Homework Read p.g. 326 – 331 Answer practice questions 1 – 6 on p.g. 331.

Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms

Why do we need to classify? Imagine a grocery store… –How do you know where to find the fruits? The vegetables? The meat? The frozen food? –How is the store organized? Think about your computer… –How are the files organized? –Are all of your pictures and music and documents in the same folder?

When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group items so that you can find them easier or easily see their relationship to other items. ….. This is why we classify!

Classifying Organisms About 1.5 million species have been named Estimated to be millions of species yet to be discovered! Taxonomy: groups similar organisms together & assigns each one a name

How do biologists NAME organisms? The “common names” people use are often misleading or confusing Organisms may have more than one common name (and different names in different languages!) or their common name may cause you to think of another organism…

Spider monkey Sea monkey Seahorse Horse Wolf spider

Gray Wolf Black Bear

Firefly or Lightning bug Cottonmouth or Water moccasin Poplar or aspen Larch or Tamarack

Mud puppy Panda Bear In Chinese: Da xiong mao Big bear cat ??!! Red panda

In order to communicate effectively, scientists must have a consistent naming protocol All organisms have only 1 scientific name –Usually Latin or Greek –Developed by Carl Linnaeus (Swedish botanist, ) Naming and organizing organisms are both part of taxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature 2-word naming system –Written in italics or underlined –1 st word is Capitalized (Genus) –2 nd word is lowercase (species) –Can be shortened to: G. species Scientific names are usually based on some characteristic of the organism and show similarities in anatomy, or evolutionary history.

Members of the same genus are closely related Only members of the same species can interbreed (under natural conditions) –Some hybrids do occur under unnatural conditions, e.g. Ligers are crosses between tigers and lions, Zeedonks are crosses between zebras and donkeys!

Spider monkey Ateles arachnoides Sea monkey: Artemia sp. Seahorse: Hippocampus sp.Horse: Equus ferus Wolf spider Hogna lenta

Gray Wolf: Canis lupus Black Bear: Ursus americanus

Firefly or Lightning bug Photinus pyralis Cottonmouth or Water moccasin Agkistrodon piscivorus Poplar or aspen Populus tremula Larch or Tamarack Larix decidua

Mud puppy: Necturus maculosus Panda Bear In Chinese: Da xiong mao Big bear cat ??!! Ailuropoda melanoleuca Red panda: Ailurus fulgens

Linnaeus also created a system that we use today that places organisms into a few large groups (KINGDOMS) and then those groups are divided into smaller groups. KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES Each group gets smaller and more specific, just like when you group your files into folders on the computer.

To help you remember… King Philip Came Over For Great Soup

HumanCougarTigerPintail Duck KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia Aves OrderPrimateCarnivora Anseriformes FamilyHomindaeFelidae Anatidae GenusHomoFelisPantheraAnas Speciessapiensconcolortigrisacuta

Modern Evolutionary Classification Linnaeus grouped species mainly on visible similarities and differences Today, taxonomists groups organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent (phylogeny) Evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms can be shown on a phylogenetic tree or a cladogram

Similarities in DNA and RNA DNA & RNA is similar across all life forms Genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level DNA shows evolutionary relationships & helps to classify organisms

The Six Kingdoms number of Cellsenergycell typeexamples Eubacteriaunicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic prokaryotebacteria, E. coli Archaebacteriaunicellular some autotrophic, most chemotrophic prokaryote"extremophiles" Protistamost unicellular heterotrophic or autotrophic eukaryote ameba, paramecium, algae Fungi most multicellular heterotrophiceukaryote mushrooms, yeast Plantaemulticellularautotrophiceukaryotetrees, grass Animaliamulticellularheterotrophiceukaryote humans, insects, worms

Dichotomous Keys A dichotomous key is a written set of choices that leads to the name of an organism. 2 choices at each level Scientists use these to identify already named unknown organisms

1. Has green colored body......go to 2 Has purple colored body..... go to 4 2.Has 4 legs.....go to 3 Has 8 legs Deerus octagis 3.Has a tail Deerus pestis Does not have a tail..... Deerus magnus 4.Has a pointy hump Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5 5.Has ears Deerus purplinis Does not have ears......Deerus deafus

Answers to questions on P.g Taxonomy is the science of classification of organisms. Hierarchical classification is the ordering and organization of living things according to similarities and differences. 3. Binomial nomenclature is a method of naming organisms by using two Latin names: the genus and the species. 4. Latin provides a common language for all scientists regardless of their national origin. The two-name system provides an added advantage by indicating similarities in anatomy, embryology, and likely evolutionary ancestry.

5. The major levels of classification are kingdom, phylum, class order, family, genus, and species. 6. A phylogenetic tree is an illustration that shows relationships among organisms. The tree begins with the most ancestral forms and includes the branchings leading to all of its descendants. A phylogenetic tree implies an evolutionary relationship, not simply a grouping by physical characteristics.

Complete Activity on Pg.332 – 333 Identify each Whale and complete the Analysis questions on P.g Do on a new piece of paper so you can hand it in!