Uses of the Present Subjunctive The present tense of the subjunctive can be used in the following subjunctive clauses: Hortatory Subjunctive* Jussive Subjunctive* Deliberative Subjunctive* (uses imp. also) Potential Subjunctive*(uses imp. & plup. also) Optative Subjunctive* (uses Imp. & plup. also) Purpose Clauses (uses imp. also) Result Clauses (uses imp. also) Indirect Command (uses imp. also) Fearing Clauses (uses imp., perf., & plup. also) Indirect Question (uses imp., perf., & plup. also) Cum clauses (uses imp., perf., & plup. also) Relative Clause of Purpose (uses imp. also) *these are the new subjunctive uses for us!*

Hortatory/Jussive (the “LETT’UCE” Subjunctive. ) Hortatory: used when the speaker is “ordering” or “encouraging” himself or one or more other people to do something. e.g. “Eat Well!” “Let us all work out!” It’s “like” a command. Hortatory FORMS/TRANSLATIONS: 1 st person pl. subj = “LET subject verb.” (we) Jussive: same use as Hortatory but with the 2 nd /3 rd person form of verbs (you, he,she,it,they) Jussive FORMS/TRANSLATIONS: 3 rd person subjects = VERB!!! (as if it were an imperative) e.g. ad urbem ambul ē mus. - HORTATORY LET us walk to the city! e.g. statim redeat! - JUSSIVE LET him return at once! e.g. patriam tuam d ē fend ā s ! - JUSSIVE DEFEND your fatherland! e.g. c ī v ē s bon ī s ī tis. BE good citizens!

Deliberative Subjunctive Generally used with the 1 st person subjects when the speaker is trying to decide what to do or when he wishes to express doubt or disbelief; questions Uses PRESENT or IMPERFECT subjunctive tenses TRANSLATION = can use “should” e.g. quid faciam?What am I to do? What should I do? quid facerem?What was I to do/should I do? tradantne s ē ?Are they to surrender? Should they surrender? unde auxilium petamus? From where should we seek help? iam ver ō quid eg ō d ē valv ī s ill ī us templ ī commemorem? But now, what should I relate about the doors of that temple?

Potential & Optative Subjunctive POTENTIAL: having or showing the capacity to develop into something Used as the main verb to express a possibility TRANSLATION: “would” e.g. credās non dē puerō scriptum est sed ā puerō. You would think it was written not about a boy but by a boy. OPTATIVE: expressive of a wish or desire Used to express wishes Often used with the word, “utinam = would that, I wish that” to introduce the verb Used with “ne” for negative wishes Present Subjunctive – used for a wish for a thing that IS possible (“may”) E.g. utinam mox adveniat.May she arrive soon. E.g. ne discedant.May they not leave. Imperfect (“might”/”were”) & Pluperfect (“had”) Subjunctive – used for wishes for a thing that are IMPOSSIBLE e.g. utinam Vergilius viveret.Would that Vergil were alive. e.g. utinam ne Hannibal effugisset.Would that Hannibal had not escaped. e.g. Adfuisses!I wish you had been there.