THE STATE, THE ECONOMY, & BUSINESS Using the summary of the 1920s economy…. Objective… Create several generalizations based on the economic statistics of the 1920s.

Political Overview of the 1920s The Executive Branch is dominated by 3 Republicans… * ______________ Republicans dominated both the executive and legislative (Congress) branches in the 1920s. President Warren Harding President Calvin Coolidge President Herbert Hoover

THE STATE, THE ECONOMY & BUSINESS Objective… Summarize how the administrations of Harding and Coolidge shape the domestic and foreign policy of the 1920s. Republicans in Power

The Election of Census: More people are living in urban areas 1920 is the first presidential election in which women participate... Only 35% of women voted

The Election of 1920 The reason Harding wins… “A good natured man who looked like a president ought look” No active campaigning… A campaign would expose his shallowness and intellectual weakness. Overwhelmed by the job… “I am not fit for this office and should never have been here.” “ I knew the job would be too much for me.”

Warren G. Harding Republican VP Coolidge Died in office in President & Mrs. Harding

THE STATE, THE ECONOMY, AND BUSINESS Objective… Examine the moral and political corruption associated with the Harding Administration.

Warren G. Harding Personal Conduct A gambler… A hypocrite... “I cannot hope to be one of the great presidents, but perhaps I may be remembered as one of the best loved” … WGH Sworn into the KKK in a secret White House ceremony Visited burlesque houses in Washington D.C. Two affairs : An affair with Carrie Phillips… -1919: An affair with Nan Britton…

Nan Britton Affair …30 yrs younger 1919 WGH fathers a daughter Child support delivered by Secret Service Nan Britton sued the Harding estate Scandalous book: The President’s Daughter (1927) Nan & Elizabeth Ann Britton

Carrie Philips Affair …10 yrs younger blackmails WGH on WW I vote Republican National Committee bribes Philips with $20K & a slow trip to Japan CP lives until the 1960s

Warren G. Harding “The Ohio Gang”… 17) The Harding scandals (4)… Justice Department Scandal - Attorney General Daugherty WGH’s worst appointment - Friend & advisor of WGH - Profited from “selling influence” Veterans' Bureau Scandal - Charles Forbes - Head of Veterans’ Bureau - Stole $200M. - Fled to Europe… Returned, indicted & convicted - Charles Cramer –VB Attorney, commits suicide

Alien Property Custodian Scandal - Thomas Miller APC - Managed property in the U.S. belonging to enemy citizens Teapot Dome Scandal - Sec. of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased oil rich land for a $300K bribe. - Fall goes to prison 17) The Harding scandals (4)…

A. Justice Dept.B. Teapot Dome C. Alien PropertyD. Veterans Bureau 1. Thomas Miller3. H. Daugherty 2. Albert Fall 4. Charles Forbes I. Stealing from veterans hospitals II. Selling influence in the Justice Dept. III. Selling oil leases IV. Selling seized government property. Answer Key: A-3-II B-2-III C-1-IV D-4-I *

The “Ohio Gang”... Corrupt politicians associated with President Harding's time in office. Harding previously knew these people as a state level politicians and appointed them to serve when he was elected President.

The connection to content?... Meaning?... Symbolism? ? “Juggernaut” - An unstoppable force, or object that crushes whatever is in its path.

Warren G. Harding The Scandals “I have no trouble with my enemies… But… my Gdmn friends…, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor nights” …WGH

Objective… Describe how the Harding & Coolidge Administrations shape the economy of the 1920s.

Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon 18) What policies prevailed under his leadership? * Run government like a business Reduce the federal budget Cut all types of taxes Free up capital for business investment

Herbert Hoover Sec. of Commerce under Harding & Coolidge What policies prevailed under his leadership? 20) The experiences & principles of Herbert Hoover… - The “associative state”… * America would prosper most with a voluntary cooperation between business, government, and workers BIG BUSINESS Corporations gained power & wealth… 1929: 200 corps hold 50% of corporate wealth Maximum freedom for private enterprise *

* 21) Financially, how did America emerge from the war? The strongest nation in the world. We made large profits from selling war supplies & suffered no damage from the war. We are owed $10 billion in war debt. NY replaces London as the financial capital of the world. * 22) What was the Dawes Plan and how successful was it? 1920s - War debt is crushing the European economies… Germany owes 33B & the Allies owe 11.5 B US cancels some of the debt The Dawes Plan restructured the war debt… lower interest rate longer time

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes 23) What policies prevailed under his leadership? * Policies that would expand American business growth & investment overseas Sell American goods overseas Maximum freedom for private enterprise

Objective… Summarize how President Harding shaped U.S. domestic policy in the 1920s.

Warren G. Harding Domestic Policy “America First” policy… Fordney- McCumber Tariff (1922)… Immigration Act (1921)… Revenue Act (1921)… Civil Liberties... *

Objective… Summarize how President Harding shaped U.S. foreign policy in the 1920s.

Foreign Policy: Warren G. Harding “Isolationism” “We seek no part in directing the destiny of the world” WGH Washington Conference (1921)… Treaty with Germany (1921)… Allied war debt… The League of Nations… The actions taken supporting “Isolationism”… *

How is an ostrich similar to US foreign policy in the 1920s?

Isolationism

Harding’s Death 1923: Died of a heart attack in San Francisco, CA Mrs. Harding refused an autopsy Rumors circulate...

The Election of 1924

Calvin Coolidge “Silent Cal” “You don’t have to explain something you never said”…Coolidge President & First Lady Coolidge Personal Conduct… Conscientious, honest & impeccable manners Supports Prohibition

Objective… Summarize how President Coolidge shaped U.S. domestic policy in the 1920s.

Pro business… Supported limited government & cutting spending Over speculation was rampant in the stock market Immigration Act of 1924… Tax cuts… The impact of tax cuts... “Trickle-Down Economics”… Veterans benefits… Civil Rights Laws... Accomplished very little * Domestic Policy: Calvin Coolidge “The business of America is business”

Objective… Summarize how President Coolidge shaped U.S. foreign policy in the 1920s.

Foreign Policy: Calvin Coolidge Isolationism… Kellogg-Briand Pact… 22) Dawes Plan… Relations with the Soviet Union… *

A) Fordney- McCumber Tariff D) Isolationism B) Washington Conference E) Dawes Plan C) Kellogg-Briand Pact 1) An international disarmament agreement 2) Raised taxes on U.S. imports 3) An agreement among nations that renounced war. 4) A international agreement that restructured German war debt & maintained paying back their war debts. 5) The U.S. foreign policy of the 1920s Answer Key: 1) B; 2) A; 3) C; 4) E; 5) D *

Review Harding & Coolidge… Evaluating Harding & Coolidge... Which of these two U.S. Presidents was the best of the worst? Construct an argument that cites specific policies that support your point.