Information taken from Turabian Style Information taken from Turabian, Kate L. 2007. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th edition. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Angela Elligson © 2010 UWF Writing Lab

General Format Requirements Margins 1 inch on all 4 sides 1 ½ for a thesis or dissertation Typeface Times New Roman or Palatino 12 pt for text, 10 pt for footnotes or endnotes, table titles, and figure captions.

Spacing and Indentation All text should be double-spaced except for block quotations, table titles and figure captions, footnotes or endnotes, and bibliographies or reference lists. One space should follow the final punctuation of a sentence. Pagination If your only front matter is the title page, do not number that page. Number pages in the body of the paper and the back matter with Arabic numbers (1,2,3), starting on the first page of text. Page numbers are usually placed in one of three locations: (1) centered in the footer (at the bottom of the page), (2) centered in the header (at the top of the page), or (3) flush right in the header. Be consistent.

Title Page Place the title of the paper a third of the way down the page, usually centered. Several lines below it (about two-thirds down), place your name along with any information requested by your instructor, such as the course title (including its department and number) and the date.

Example Steve Jackson AMH 4997 March 15, 2007 A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF WORLD WARS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS   Steve Jackson AMH 4997 March 15, 2007

Sections and Subsections: Heading Levels Avoid using more than two or three levels of subheads. Always include at least 2 subheads for each level Follow your instructor’s guidelines There is no set way to format subheadings in Turabian style; however, the manual does give an example of a plan for formatting them.

Contemporary Art What Are the Major Styles Contemporary Art What Are the Major Styles? Abstract Expressionism Major painters and practitioners Pollock as the leader. The role of leading Abstract Expression painter was filled by Jackson Pollock…

Block Quotations Here is an example of a block quote. As you can see, block quotes are formatted differently from shorter quotes: Present a prose quotation of five or more lines as a block quotation. Single-space a block quotation, and leave a blank line before and after it. Do not add quotation marks at the beginning or end, but preserve any quotation marks in the original. Indent the entire quotation as far as you indent the first line of a paragraph. 3 When you are finished with your block quote, continue writing (double-spaced) after leaving a blank line.

Referencing Notes in Text Whenever you refer to or otherwise use material from a source, you must insert into your text a superscript number that directs your reader to a note that gives bibliographical information about that source. Put a superscript number immediately following the quotation, whether the quotation is run into the text or set off as a block quotation. Put reference numbers at the end of a sentence or clause—after the terminal punctuation mark, quotation mark, or closing parenthesis. EXAMPLE: George Templeton Strong wrote, “This is what our tailors can do.”1

Footnotes versus Endnotes See your instructor for guidance on whether you should use footnotes or endnotes. If you are not sure, you should generally choose to use footnotes. However, choose endnotes when your footnotes are so long or numerous that they take up too much space on the page, making your report unattractive and difficult to read. Footnotes are located at the bottom of each page. End notes are a collection of the notes at the end of the paper (and after appendixes) but before the bibliography.

Numbering and Formatting Notes Number notes consecutively, beginning with “1.” If your paper has separate chapters, restart each chapter with note “1.” Each new note must be indented. Begin each note with its reference number in regular text (not superscript). Put a period and a space between the number and the text of the note.   Footnotes: Begin every footnote on the page on which you reference it. Put a short rule between the last line of the text and the first footnote on each page. If a footnote runs over to the next page, break it in midsentence. If you have more than one footnote on a page, begin each subsequent note on its own line, with a blank line before it. Endnotes: List endnotes together after the end of the text and after any appendixes, but place them before the bibliography. Start each note on a new line, with a blank line between notes. Label the list Notes. If you restart numbering for each chapter, add subheadings to distinguish the notes for each chapter: “Chapter 1” and so forth. Ibid.: Some writers use ibid. to shorten a citation to a work whose bibliographical data appear in the immediately previous note. EXAMPLE: 30. Buchan, Advice to Mothers, 71. 31. Ibid., 95. 32. Ibid.

Why a Bibliography? The same information appears in both notes and bibliographies; however, notes and bibliographies have different purposes. Notes: let readers quickly check the source for a reference without disrupting the flow of their reading. Bibliographies: used to show the extent of your research, allows others to use your sources in their own research

(You still need a footnote though!) In most cases, your bibliography should include every work you cite in your text. You may omit the following: Newspaper articles The Bible and other sacred works Well-known reference works (major dictionaries and encyclopedias) Classical, medieval, and early English literary works and (in some cases) well-known English-language plays Unpublished interviews and personal communications, weblog entries and comments, and postings to electronic mailing lists Many sources in the visual and performing arts (artwork, live performances, television and other broadcast programs The U.S. Constitution, legal cases, and some other public documents (You still need a footnote though!)

2 or more works by the same person: Hanging Indent Alphabetical Order Single-spaced, blank line before and after each entry 2 or more works by the same person: arrange by title (ignore a and the) use a long dash to replace the individual’s name in all entries after the first if the name is of an editor or translator, follow the dash with a comma and the appropriate abbreviation (ed., trans., etc.)

Some miscellaneous tips… Capitalize most titles in headline style, but capitalize titles in foreign languages in sentence style. Italics Titles of larger entities (books, journals) “Quotation Marks” Titles of smaller entities (chapters, articles) Titles of unpublished works (such as dissertations, even if they are book length) In titles, numbers are either spelled out or given in numerals exactly as they are in the original. Page numbers that are in roman numerals in the original are presented in lowercase roman numerals. All other numbers, such as chapter numbers or figure numbers, are given in Arabic numerals (even if not in original).

Basic Templates for Notes and Bibliographic Entries Entries for a bibliography are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the author, editor, or whoever is first in each entry. The following templates for note forms include both the note form (N) and the bibliographic note form (B) of each citation type. Single Author N: Note Number. Author’s First and Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), XX-XX.   5. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997), 47-48. B: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication. Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997.

Multiple Authors Two Authors: N: Note Number. Author 1’s First and Last Name and Author 2’s First and Last Name,… B: Author 1’s Last Name, Author 1’s First Name, and Author 2 First and Last Name….   Three Authors: N: Note Number. Author 1’s First and Last Name, Author 2’s First and Last Name, and Author 3’s First and Last Name,… B: Author 1’s Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2’s First and Last Name, and Author 3’s First and Last Names… Four or more authors: N: Note Number. Author 1’s First and Last Name et al.,… (cite all authors in the bibliography, with only first name inverted).

Author(s) Plus Editor or Translator Author plus editor or translator: Note: If a book has a translator instead of an editor, substitute the words trans. and Translated by and the translator’s name for the editor data. N: Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, Title of Book: Subtitle of Book, ed. Editor’s First and Last Names (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication), XX-XX. B: Author’s Last name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edited by Editor’s First and Last Names. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication.

Chapter in a Book N: 12. John Charles Chasteen, “Neocolonialism,” in Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, n.d.), 190-91. B: Chasteen, John Charles. “Neocolonialism.” In Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America, 179- 206. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, n.d.

Journal Articles Journal Article in Print: N: Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication): XX-XX.   7. Pramod Nayar, “Marvelous Excesses: English Travel Writing and India, 1680-1727,” Journal of British Studies 44, no. 2 (April 2005): 213. B: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication): YY-YY. Nayar, Pramod K. “Marvelous Excesses: English Travel Writing and India, 1680-1727,” Journal of British Studies 44, no. 2 (April 2005): 213-38.

Journal Article Online: N: Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article,” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication), under “Descriptive Locator,” URL (accessed Date of Access). 10. Daniel A. McFarland, “Resistance as a Social Drama: A Study of Change-oriented Encounters,” American Journal of Sociology 109, no. 6 (May 2004), under “Settings,” http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050 199/050199.html (accessed May 3, 2006). B: Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article: Subtitle of Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number (Date of Publication). URL (accessed Date of Access).

Web Sites Include as much as you can: author, title of the page enclosed in quotation marks, title or owner of the site, URL, and access date. N: 14. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan.html (accessed October 21, 2010). B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http://epl.org/library/strategic-plan.html (accessed October 21, 2010). Because in this case the author is an organization, the only difference between the footnote and bibliographic forms is the punctuation (commas vs. periods).

One Source Quoted in Another Try to avoid using indirect sources. Instead, locate the original source. If necessary, however, you may use “quoted in.” N. 8. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. B. Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification.” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Interviews and Personal Communications 9. Andrew Macmillan, interview by author, San Diego, CA, March 2, 2007. 10. Maxine Greene, e-mail message to author, September 29, 2005. Newspaper Articles 14. Editorial, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, June 2, 1998. 15. Blair Kamin, “Wrigley Building Clearly a Landmark,” Chicago Tribune, July 3, 2005. Instead of using a note, you can sometimes cite articles by weaving several key elements into your text (such as name and date of the paper and the author of the article). Some of this information can appear in parentheses, even if it does not follow parenthetical note form.

Shortened Notes In most cases, if you have given a complete citation (in the note) the first time you mention a source, you can use a shortened form in subsequent notes. A shortened note should include enough information for the reader to find the full citation in a previous note or in the bibliography. Author-only 14. Green, 276 Author-title 14. Green, “Politics of Exit,” 276. Title-only (no author) 14. “Politics of Exit,” 276.

Parenthetical Notes For sources that readers can identify with only a few elements (newspaper article, legal case, biblical/sacred work, art) Example: According to one scholar, “The railroads had made Chicago the most important meeting place between East and West” (Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 92-93). When using parenthetical notes, most such sources should have a full citation in the bibliography After the quote, sentence, or clause

Parenthetical Citation Style (throughout paper) Usually includes author, year, and page numbers (Diamond 1997, 47-48) (Appleby, Hunt, and Jacob 1994, 135-36) (Hall et al. 1987, 114-15) (Smith n.d., 5)

Reference Lists Used if your paper is written with parenthetical citations. Most titles are capitalized sentence style (except for titles of journals, magazines, and newspapers) P: (Diamond 1997, 47-48) R: Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

Remember! Some professors have specific guidelines that vary from traditional Turabian style. Always follow your professor’s guidelines.

Helpful Resources The Writing Lab! Kate L. Turabian—A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (7th ed.) http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_ citationguide.html http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/chicago- turabianstyle.pdf http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/ http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguid e.html