Chapter 3 Arabic monolingual dictionaries: to introduce their distinguishing features and explain how they differ from English dictionaries and how translators can make use of them.

I) the macrostructure: 1) Front matter: Arabic dictionaries differ in many respects on their macrostructure. The front matter may contain different and unexpected material depending on the interests of the compiler. Besides telling us about the method of compiling the dictionary, this part of the dictionary may contain : 1- an essay about the Qur'anic cryptic letters (with which some qur'anic suras begin, e.g. الم ،ٌُ عسق، وٙ كهيعص ), 2- an essay about the mysterious powers of sounds, and how effective they are in curing some diseases or in changing people’s moods and lives.

But Most often the front matter in these dictionaries do not offer the kind of information expected by modern readers such as: 1- guides to pronunciation. 2- how to use the dictionary. 3- how to locate a specific type information. This is quite explicable in light of the original purpose of compiling these dictionaries, which is to preserve the language and protect its purity.

2) Back matter: Arabic dictionaries may contain a back matter which includes a list of the quotations cited inside the dictionary or the names of persons or places referred to. 3) Alphabetization: 1) The anagrammatical system. 2) The rhyme system 3) The root system

The anagrammatical system النظام الصوتي –المخرجي- التقليبات The rhyme system منهج القافية The root system المنهج الهجائي التجريدي I t was initiated by الفراهيدي It is a mathematical system of making sure to include all the possible words in Arabic. The roots of the words are classified into : biliteral, triliteral, quadriliteral, and quinquiliteral. The biliteral word can produce 2 transformations, e.g. "دق" ”قد" and no more. The triliteral has 6 transformations because it has 3 letters multiplied by 2 which is the number of the transformations of the bilateral root, e.g عجم-عمج-معج-مجع-جعم-جمع. The quadriliteral has 24 transformations because it has 4 letters multiplied by 6 which is the number of the trilateral root transformations and so on. He then takes each letter in rotation, and record all the roots containing that letter. where words are arranged according to their last consonants where words are arranged according to their roots and all the derivative forms are listed under one root. The roots are arranged alphabetically.

4) Guide words: Arabic dictionaries do not use guide words

II) The microstructure: 1) Entry: consists of a headword and all the information provided about this word. 2) Sub-entry: is a word or a phrase derived from the main entry and included within the main entry. Arabic dictionaries treat most derived words as sub-entries under one main entry because they follow the root system.

3) Headwords: may be divided into 4 types: 1. the radical roots of nouns. a) trilateral ثلاثيlike عنب b) quadrilateral رباعي like جندب c) quinquilateral (خماسي like سفرجل 2. the radical roots of verbs. a. trilateral, like (اخذ b. quadrilateral, like (دحرج Further verbal roots can be derived from these two roots but they are not treated as separate entries such as (تدحرج 3. bilateral roots exemplified by particles. (قد) 4. Some commonly used foreign or borrowed words. (اندرورد)

One difficulty that may encounter the user when looking up a word is that : 1- you have to predict the root of the word searched for. Sometimes this task is not easy. For example, it is not easy to tell whether a word like اريحيةcan be found under ريح or روح or راحor does not have a root and therefore can be found in an independent entry. 2- Another problem with ancient dictionaries is that they do not include modern words. They include the words of the Arabic spoken at the time of writing these dictionaries. Therefore, you cannot find words like هاتفand عولمةin them.

4. Orthographic information 4. Orthographic information. Variant spellings of some words are pointed out if they happen to be spelled differently. E.g. مسيطرون و مصيطرون 5. Morphological information. This kind of information includes four aspects in Arabic dictionaries: word root, morphological paradigm or pattern, word inflections, and derivational forms. E.g. برد-بارد-برودة-يبرد-مبرد A word’s homographs (words that look the same but pronounced differently) are also included. Information pertaining to the word inflections is also included. The dictionary may tell you how a word is made plural or feminine. The morphological pattern is also sometimes stated as an aid showing the reader how to pronounce the word. نعم: ... قٌال يوٌم نعم و يوٌم بؤس، و الجمع أنعم و أبؤس... 6. Phonological information. This kind of information includes any means of guiding the user to the right pronunciation of the word. This may be through vowelization (using special diacritic marks). الجعالة بالفتح... و الجعالة بالكسر... 7) Syntactic information: Sometimes he mentions what part of speech a word is, or how it functions in a sentence. انت: ضمير المخاطب 8) Etymological information: Sometimes the origin of the word is pointed out if it is borrowed from another language. اندرم: كلمة فارسية

9) Semantic information :relates to the following aspects: a) Meaning: one or many senses or definitions are provided for any word, but unlike English dictionaries, they are not numbered. b) Synonyms and antonyms. Word synonyms or antonyms are presented to help clarify its meanings. c) Collocations, idioms, and expressions: Arabic dictionaries indicate the words which collocate with the headword, or the idioms or expressions in which the headword appears. أجد: ناقة أجد 10) Pragmatic information A lot of information is given about how a word or an expression is used and whether it is current, rare, obsolete, or anomalous. أبب: نادره-بحر جمع غريب في المؤنث

11) Helping aids: includes the following: a) Examples: Arabic dictionaries abound with illustrative examples taken from different sources: qur'anic verses, prophetic hadiths, poetry, and everyday Arabic. One entry can include tens of examples along with their explanations. By these examples, three types of context are provided: 1. The linguistic context when he mentions a verse, a prophetic tradition or a line of poetry that contains the entry word. 2. The social context such as : برح و للعرب كلمتان عند الرمي : برحى و مرحى 3-The causal context such as: بحر و سمي البحر بحرا لاستبحاره... b) Illustrations and Graphics. This type is lacking in both ancient and modern dictionaries. c) Cross-reference: A lot of repetition is observed in ancient dictionaries because they do not use cross reference techniques. 12) Encyclopedic information: So much encyclopedic information is provided in many ancient dictionaries: historical events, stories, biographical names, geographical names, measures, and so on. But modern dictionaries tend to stick to linguistic information only. See the examples.

The types of Arabic dictionaries Linguistic dictionaries (معاجم الألفاظ 1) General dictionaries 2) Specialized dictionaries Translators and Arabic dictionaries Semantic relations dictionaries (معاجم المعاني Dictionaries of idioms and collocations: Dictionaries of loan words and neologisms (معاجم المولد و الدخيل Dictionaries of terminology Dictionaries of common mistakes

Translators and Arabic dictionaries: A translator may need an Arabic dictionary : WHY? 1- to know the current as well as the older meaning(s) of a word. But the problem is that almost all dictionaries attach more importance to the older meanings. For instance, if you look up a word like رضخyou'll never find the modern meaning of خضع in any old dictionary. However, there are modern dictionaries which will give the modern meanings one would need. 2- A translator may need to check whether a word exists in the language or not or has the right form. Here it is recommended to consult dictionaries of common errors in the Arabic language. 3- Finally, a translator would definitely need to consult an Arabic dictionary when translating any old Arabic text that belongs to ancient eras like poetry or when translating religious texts. E.g.سمعت حارثة بن وهب الخزاعي قال: سمعت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول:( الا اخبركم بأهل الجنة؟ كل ضعيف متضعف لو اقسم على الله لابره الا اخبركم باهل النار؟ كل عتل جواظ مستكبر) In this Hadith, two words would most probably bewilder any translator, like what you can see in the four translations provided. عتل and جواظ are problematic because they are no longer used in modern Arabic. Here, traditional Arabic dictionaries may help in deciding the meanings of these words.