Whose is the Culture of Manchester? Gregorova Zuzana Mahya Biparva

Demography Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.7 million. It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs : Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, and the cities of Salford and Manchester with its population over 500,000.

Manchester Manchester has always had a multi-cultural society with people from other countries coming to live here. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries they came from Europe, often to escape religious persecution. More recently, the cultural mix of Manchester has been enhanced by the arrival of people from places like the West Indies, Africa, the Indian subcontinent and China.

Why do people migrate? People migrate for many different reasons. The most common reasons are: - Moving to find work or follow a particular career path Moving for a better quality of life Moving to escape political/religious persecution or war Asylum seekers Poverty or low income Poor human rights Student migration, improving qualifications, language skills Country’s situation/economic situation Environmental migration Lack of prospects for career advancement

Statistics Manchester has one of the world's most diverse linguistic cultures – up to 200 languages are spoken by its residents, an increase of 33 percent from previous estimates. Manchester was shown to be the fastest growing city in England at the last census in 2011. Its population grew by 19 percent since the previous census a decade early, reversing a period of population of decline in the 90s. By 2027 it is hoped that the city will grow by another 20 percent. The main reason why people migrate to England is due to the fact England has the perception of a better quality and standard of living and is a very diversely cultured place where any ethnicity is welcomed. The UK democracy political system also gives same human rights to everyone and acts in the interests of the people.

Language spoken in Manchester, last census in 2011

Religious and ethnic groups in Manchester, last census in 2011

Back in history Although Manchester can trace its history back to the Roman fort at Castefield, it is only in the last 250 years that the city has grown in size and importance, making a significant contribution to the British economy as well as the development of a social conscience.

EARLY 19th CENTURY During the early part of the nineteenth century when Manchester attracted people from all across the British Isles to come and work in the rapidly expanding industries. This was marked by non-Lancashire English, Scottish, Welsh and then increasingly Irish populations moving into the city. This period also marks out Manchester (and London and Liverpool) as different from other cities. The two Lancashire metropolises looked across the world to do business, the port of Liverpool - and later the Port of Manchester - the point of access to a global trade. Because of this, many immigrants to the city were wealthy drawn by the potential of increasing their fortunes. It was largely businessmen of German origin who bank-rolled the Halle Orchestra in its developing years.

LATE 19th CENTURY The second period in the later nineteenth century sees overseas working class immigration into Manchester. The main elements in this were Jewish East Europeans escaping the pogroms and Italians escaping poverty but there were very many other nationalities making their way to Manchester too.

POST-WAR The third main period is post World War II: first, of refugees from Europe particularly Polish, Ukrainian and Yugoslavian fleeing the Soviets. Then of peoples from the ex-colonies of the British Empire. From the 1950s onwards Manchester began to get significant populations of Afro-Caribbean and Pakistani (and subsequently Bangladeshi) people. There’s also a significant increase in first generation Irish escaping a lack of opportunity in their own countries. More recently again Manchester has seen a Somalian refugee population move into the city and economic migrants such as, very recently, East Europeans and the Chinese.

The diversity of the Manchester community keeps the city endlessly lively and exciting. The result is a wide range of cultural opportunities across the city, with numerous possibilities for individual engagement. Encouraging participation in culture can enhance feelings of social inclusion and pride of place. Active involvement by members of the community provides a platform for training and education, improving confidence, skills and sense of well-being.

A timeline of Britain history Thousands of years ago, during the Ice Age, Great Britain was joined to Europe and was covered with ice. Great Britain became an island at the end of the last glacial period when the ice melted and sea level rose. Archaeology shows that people arrive to England from Europe when the climate improved. Roman Britain - Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain. Britain was part of the Roman Empire for almost 400 years. Many English words are derived from the Latin language of the Romans. The Roman empire made its mark on Britain, and even today, the ruins of Roman buildings, forts, roads, and baths can be found all over Britain. Anglo-Saxon Britain – After the last Roman soldier left Britain, new people came in ships across the North Sea. The new settlers were a mixture of people from north Germany, Denmark and northern Holland. Viking Britain – while England had been settled by the Anglo- Saxons, the Vikings came from three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden to either fight and steal treasure while others settled in new lands as farmers, craftsmen or traders.

The middle Ages – Medieval Britain (Normans) – The Middle Ages in Britain cover a huge period in English History starting with the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest – the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers. The Normans built impressive castles, imposed a feudal system and carried out a census of the country. Tudor Britain - Welsh-English family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603 Stuart Britain- The Stuart dynasty ruled Scotland (1371 - 1714) and England (1603 - 1714). In 1707, England and Scotland officially became one country - Great Britain Georgian Britain - The Georgian era is a period of the first four Hanoverian kings of Great Britain who were all named 'George': George I, George II, George III and George IV. During this period the United Kingdom is created when Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland are formally joined under the Act of Union in 1801. Britain ruled the British Empire. Victoria was Empress of India as well as Queen of Britain, Canada (the biggest country in the Empire) and small countries such as Jamaica. Trade with the Empire helped make Britain rich. Some British children emigrated with their families to new homes in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada.

The Industrial Revolution – The Industrial Revolution changed Britain from a land of small towns, villages and farms into a land of cities, large towns and factories. The population grew from 16 million in 1801 to over 41 million by 1901. Cities grew fast, as people moved from the countryside to work in factories. 1914 – 1918 FIRST WORLD WAR 1939 – 1945 SECOND WORLD WAR

Great Britain from the beginning until the early modern period was fragmented into a number of independent kingdoms and influenced by different cultures. Whose is then the culture of Great Britain? How long/how many generations do people need to live in which country become to be a part of the culture?

Cultural opportunities in Manchester International festival Celebration of Chinese New Year Festival of international food and drinks St. Patricks Day Restaurants, Museums, Galleries, .. …and many many more

Reference list Text Images Books Chris Makepeace. A Century of Manchester . Robert Nicholls (2004). Curiosities of Greater Manchester. Gloucestershire – GL5 2QG: Sutton Publishing Limited Articles Manchester Evening News The Guardian The Independent BBC Daily Mail Online resources http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/ www.refugeeweek.org.uk http://www.ons.gov.uk/ http://www.parliament.uk/ http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200088/statistics_and_census/438/public_intelligence/3 http://www.lordsandladies.org/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/ http://www.britannia.com/history/romantime.html http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=all+ethnic+g roups+together&FORM=HDRSC2#view=detail&id=8E 2C4683D36A53CDF91BE70D4ED1EA3D1AE27494&sel ectedIndex=3 www.manchesterhistory.net http://www.thedrum.com/uploads/news/old/9592/ master.War_river_view.jpg https://www.flickr.com/groups/manchesteruk/pool/ with/15788807913/lightbox/?rb=1 www.ilovemanchester.com www.modern-english.co.uk