Chapter 8 The Water-Soluble Vitamins

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vitamin Talk Vitamins are organic compounds essential in the diet to promote growth and health maintenance. Water-soluble vitamins include the B vitamins and vitamin C. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E and K. B vitamins were originally thought to be one chemical substance but are actually many different substances. That is the reason for B 1, B 2, B 12, etc.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The Vitamins

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Finding Vitamins in Foods

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fortified and Enriched Foods Fortification: process of adding nutrients to foods. The added nutrients are generally not found in the food, such as fortifying orange juice with calcium. Enrichment: adding nutrients back to foods that have lost nutrients due to processing. An example is the addition of B vitamins to white rice.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dietary Supplements Dietary supplements can be another source of vitamins in the modern diet. Dietary supplements contain some combination of vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, enzymes or extracts. Dietary supplements cannot replace the benefits of a diet containing a wide variety of foods. Dietary supplement production is not supervised by the FDA.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Absorption of Vitamins

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bioavailability of Vitamins Vitamins must be absorbed by the body in order to perform their functions. Approximately 40-90% of vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine. Fat-soluble vitamins require fat in the diet to be absorbed. Water-soluble vitamins may require transport molecules or specific molecules in the GI tract. Some vitamins are absorbed in inactive provitamin or vitamin precursor forms that must be converted into active forms by the body.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Folate Deficiency and Neural Tube Defects

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Macrocytic Anemia and Folate Deficiency

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. How Antioxidants Work

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Summary of Water-Soluble Vitamins and Choline

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Benefits and Risks of Water-Soluble Vitamin Supplements

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 8 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein..

Chapter 9 The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins require bile and dietary fat for absorption. Once absorbed, they are transported with fats through the lymphatic system in chylomicrons before entering the blood. Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in body fat, meaning that intakes can vary without a risk of deficiency (as long as there are average intakes over time). Because they can be stored in body fat, fat-soluble vitamins are not easily excreted. This increases the risk of toxicity with high intakes.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vitamin D from UV Light or the Diet

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A Summary of the Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A Summary of the Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Benefits and Risks of Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplements

Chapter 10 Water and the Electrolytes

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Water Water is an essential nutrient that must be consumed for survival. Water is a polar solvent in the body. The polarity of water comes from hydrogen and oxygen. Blood is 90% water. Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and waste products.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Water Water functions as a lubricant and cleanser. Tears wash away dirt, synovial fluid lubricates joints, saliva assists in chewing, tasting and swallowing and spinal fluid protects against shock. Water assists in regulating body temperature by holding onto heat and changing temperature slowly.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Need for Water in the Body Compared to Intake

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Resources for Water in the Diet

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Antidiuretic Hormone Assists in Fluid Intake

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Consequences of Dehydration

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium and Chloride The correct combination and amounts of electrolytes are essential for life. Distribution of electrolytes affects the distribution of water throughout the body. Sodium, potassium and chloride are the principle electrolytes in body fluids.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Summary of Water and the Electrolytes

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 10 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein..

Chapter 11 Major Minerals and Bone Health

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Minerals in the Body Minerals are elements needed by the body in small amounts for health and maintenance. Major minerals are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight. Trace minerals are required in the diet in amounts less than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts less than 0.01% of body weight.

Minerals Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Minerals in the Diet

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mineral Talk Minerals are available in unprocessed foods, some processed foods and dietary supplements. To maintain health, minerals must be consumed in the correct proportions. Bioavailability is very important. For example, phytates can limit the body’s ability to absorb calcium, zinc and iron. DRIs for minerals are expressed as RDAs, EARs or AIs. Because certain minerals can be toxic if taken in too high an amount, ULs have been established.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Osteoporosis Risk

Gender and Bone Mass Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Summary of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Sulfur

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 11 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.

Chapter 12 The Trace Elements

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Trace Elements Talk The trace elements include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, iodine, fluoride, chromium and molybdenum. They are required in amounts less than 100 mg per day. Trace elements have been difficult to study, as they are difficult to remove from the diet. Rate of bioavailability is a concern for trace elements.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Iron Talk Hemoglobin is the iron-containing component of the blood. Iron from animal products is heme iron. Iron from plant products is nonheme iron. Iron cookware can be a source of nonheme iron in the diet. Heme iron is more efficiently absorbed than nonheme iron. Iron from the diet is absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heme Iron Absorption

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Iodine Talk The iodine content of food depends on the soil where plants are grown or where animals graze. Soil near the ocean or sea is higher in iodine than soil inland. Most of the iodine in the diet comes from iodized salt. Iodized salt is salt fortified with iodine. “Natural” sea salt may be very low in iodine. More than half the iodine in the body is found in the thyroid gland. Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones, including thyroxine.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Summary of Trace Elements

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Summary of Trace Elements

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Benefits and Risks of Trace Element Supplements

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 12 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein..