Ancient Peoples of the Southwest 10,000BC to 1500AD Arizona History Lecture #1 Heidi J. Osselaer

The American Southwest Aztlan Pimeria Alta El Norte The American Southwest University of Texas Library

Mapsof.net

Colorado Plateau Mogollon Rim Geology.com Sonoran Desert

Jane St. Clair

Panoramio.com

Moonchalice.com

Ayash Basu photo

Corbisimages.com

Chaco Culture National Historical Park

Bering Strait Migration Approximately 10,000 BC Sscnet.ucla.edu

Paleo-Indians Clovis or Folsom tools made of stone, bone, or wood Baskets Highly mobile Traded extensively Petroglyphs Lithiccastinglab.com

Cabrillo.edu

Bartlett Historical Society

Atlatl University of Minnesota

Maize arrives from Mesoamerica around 2000 BC Food Museum

Corn, beans, and squash also known as the “Three Sisters” Nativepeoplephotographer.typepad.com

Corbisimages.com

Paleo-Indian 7000 BC and 200 AD Temperatures rise, less rainfall in Southwest Maize (corn) imported from Mesoamerica (Mexico) Hunter diet supplemented with corn, squash, and beans More sedentary life than the Clovis or Folsom people Farming requires cooperation and a system of rules and authority Pottery is more abundant Metates and manos used to grind corn Bows and arrows Lived in pit houses Users.sticc.edu

Metates and manos Mexicolore.co.uk

Doctorozepisodes.com

Bartletthistory.org

Earthen pit house Mediacanada.com

Earthen pit house interior Human Habitat Project

Plastered pit house Mesa Verde National Park

beans (lysine)+squash+corn= protein Westirondequoit.org

Arizona Leisure

Wnn.thefurtrapper.com

Puebloan People Includes Hohokam, Mogollon, and Anasazi “Pueblo” is Spanish word for “town dweller” More sedentary than Cochise People, but still continued to hunt and gather native plants Lived in permanent villages in buildings made of clay, wood, and plaster Employed dry-farming techniques to grow corn, beans, and squash Worked communally in fields to ensure all members of society were fed Pottery is used in trade Flickr.com; Smithsonian Museum of Natural History

Hohokam ASU Arts Works

Hohokam Lived in the Salt River Valley Hohokam means “those who have gone” or “all used up” Built pueblo homes and used dry-farm irrigation techniques City of Phoenix

Snaketown around AD1000 Snaketown about 1100AD Snaketown site today Desertmuseum.org

Answers.com

Recreation of a pit house at the Pueblo Grande Museum

Pueblo Grande was built AD500 City of Phoenix

Pueblo Grande Museum Pueblo Grande Museum

Excavation of a Hohokam pit house US Dept. of the Interior

Excavation site at Pueblo Grande Pueblo Grande Museum

Ruins at Casa Grande First prehistoric and cultural site preserved by the US government, 1892 Eartharchitecture.org

Ancient ballcourt at Pueblo Grande Pueblo Grande Museum

Hohokam ballcourt City of Phoenix

Artist concept of Pueblo Grande platform mound Arizona Leisure

Snaketown pottery Antiquehelper.com

Hohokam red on bluff pottery Rarepottery.info

Caliche sediment Ing.pan.pl

Excavated Hohokam canal Desertmuseum.org

Hohokam canal system Navaching.com

Canal irrigation of corn City of Phoenix

QT Luong/terragalleria.com

Salt River Project canal

Wnn.thefurtrapper.com

Mogollon Rim Land Use History of North America-NAU

Camparizona.com

Mogollon Lived on the Mogollon Rim Cooler, wetter climate than the Salt River Valley Location required less irrigation, able to gather and hunt more Named for a Spanish governor of Mexico Famous for their pottery Best Western Payson Inn; Smithsonian Museum

Gotsaga.com

Chandlerarizonausa.blogspot.com

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Mogollon pottery brownware Mimbres Texas Beyond History; Flickriver.com

Mogollon Mimbres pottery Flickriver.com

Smithsonian Museum

En.wikipedia.org

Flickr.com

Anasazi Four Corners region Anasazi means “the ancient ones” or “ancestors of our enemies” Closely related to the Mogollon First settled at Black Mesa 850AD 10 to 15 inches of precipitation and snowfall a year Adam Schallau; Cline Library, Northern Arizona University

Anasazi ruins at Black Mesa Cline Library, Northern Arizona University

Utah State History

Utah State History

Desertusa.com

Canyon de Chelly ruins QT Luong/terragalleria.com

Chaco Canyon USA Today

Doorways at Chaco Canyon Panoramio.com

Pueblo Bonito Colorado.edu

Architectural plan of Pueblo Bonito Pueblo Bonito National Monument

Jqjacobs.net

Adam Schallau

Chaco Canyon roads Arthistory.sbc.edu

Anasazi roads Southwestpilgrimage07.com

Kiva ruins Chaco Canyon Flickr.com

Chetro Ketl Great Kiva Commons.wikimedia.org

Foodmuseum.com

Anasazi 900-1100AD Native American Art Gallery

Pictograph shows 1054 supernova Flickr.com

Clayhound.us

Salado Named derived from Rio Salado, Spanish for Salt River Lived in the Tonto Basin 1100-1500 AD Travel.webshots.com

Besh-Ba-Gowah Historical Gila County

Salado dwelling AD1150-1450 Arizona Office of Tourism

Salado pottery polychrome Arizona State University; University of Arizona

Sinagua= sin (without) agua (water) Grinnell University, Anthropology Dept.

Sunset Crater Erupts AD1064-1067 Sinagua move south temporarily Arizona-leisure.com; Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument

Desert USA

Sinaguan pottery Cather.unl.edu

Montezuma Castle National Park Service

National Park Service

National Park Service

Montezuma Well Americansouthwest.net

National Park Service

Clayhound.us

Patayan Culture Upland Yuman Lived around Grand Canyon Relied on hunting primarily Descendents include: Yavapai, Hualapai, and Havasupai River/Delta Yuman Lived in western Sonoran desert Hunted, but also agriculture Descendents include: Quechen/Yuman Highly mobile

Patayan intaglios “incised designs” Philip Coppens

Phillip Coppens

Common Features of Southwest People Primarily sedentary Practiced dry-farming techniques and hunted Made pottery Traded extensively Lived initially in pit houses but then transitioned to pueblo structures Fairly peaceful Corbis images

Health Issues Hard work and accidents lead to arthritis Corn-intensive diet deprives body of sufficient calcium, leading to osteoporosis Anemia and malnutrition common Average age 25 to 27 Only 5 to 15% live to age 50 83% of children under 10 are anemic Ancientstandard.com

Enamel hypoplasia indicates malnutrition Proteinpower.com

Drought begins AD1090 Crop failures lead to famine Few trees to supply food and homes for animals Leads to population decrease Life.com

1100-1500 AD Increased violence Great migration Ushistoryimages.com

Apache (Athapaskan) tribes appear 1325-1850 Summer rains vanish Apache (Athapaskan) tribes appear Adaptation to a new environment begins Ansel Adams

Questions for Consideration How did the people of the prehistoric Southwest adapt to a changing climate? Give specific examples. List common cultural traits shared by the major groups of people living in the Southwest prior to contact with Europeans.