Chapter 11

Figure 11-2

Figure 11-3

Japan—autos, ships, electronics—low wages, sell cheap China—textiles, steel, household products—in the 1990s, transnational corporations came in b/c China changed its economic policies

#1-Rhine-Ruhr Valley—iron and steel manufacturing because they are near the coal fields #2-Mid-Rhine—Steel (in Alsace and Loraine) at the largest iron ore field—producing autos and chemicals—Germany is the center of Europe’s most important consumer market UK used to have steel and textiles, but now it’s high tech industries—Japan has built factories here Po Basin—textiles—2/3 of Italy’s manufacturing is 1/5 of the land area—hydroelectric power from the Alps NE Spain—Textiles, autos—FASTEST GROWING AREA

Moscow (fabrics) St. Petersburg (shipbuilding) Volga (autos, oil, chemicals)—RUSSIA’S LARGEST PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS FIELDS Urals (iron, steel, chemicals, machinery)—CONTAINS MORE THAN 1,000 TYPES OF MINERALS Silesia (Poland and N. Czech Republic)—steel—E. Europe’s leading industrial area outside of Russia

Figure 11-4

New England—cotton textiles Middle Atlantic--#1 market—port for foreign trade (NYC) Mohawk Valley—steel and food processing—upper NY Pittsburg-Lake Erie—steel (Pittsburg to Cleveland) Western Great Lakes—steel, auto—centered on Chicago Southern California—clothing and textile--#1 outside of the NE SE Ontario—steel and car assembly

Figure 11-5

Figure 11-21

Automobiles (Ford, Gm, Chrysler- Detroit), foreign automakers assemble cars here Airplanes (Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, Seattle) Commercial and military Pharmaceuticals (drugs) Entertainment (Music Movies- Hollywood) Computer software (Silicon Valley) TECHNIPOLES Military weapons

Association of the 5 major emerging national economies due to rapid industrialization Brazil Russia India China South Africa

Socioeconomic classifications of countries not yet considered developed countries, but making great strides in industry Four Asian Dragons—Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan Other NICs—Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Egypt

Canada, US, Mexico- NO TARIFFS Maquidoras : an area set up along Mexico / US border where factories and industry are set up. It has the benefits of lower wages, lower transportation costs because of closeness to US, lower environmental restrictions, and due to NAFTA no tariffs on goods

Location Theory Location Theory – predicting where a business will or should be located. Location of an industry is dependent on economic, political, cultural features as well as whim. Location Theory Considers: – Variable costs-energy, transportation costs & labor costs – Friction of distance- increasing distance =increased time & cost

Weber’s Model-The Least Cost Theory Alfred Weber, ( ) a German economists, published Theory of the Location of Industries in His theory was the industrial equivalent of the Von Thunen Model. Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least. Three Categories of Costs: Transportation-the most important cost-usually the best site is where cost to transport raw material and finished product is the lowest Labor-high labor costs reduce profit-location where there is a supply of cheap, non-union labor may offset transportation costs Agglomeration- (clustering of an industry) when a group of industries cluster for mutual benefit-shared services, facilities, etc.-costs can be lower

Weber’s Theory simplified: If the raw material is bulkier, the factory will be closer to them, if the finished product is bulkier then the factory will be closer to the markets. Examples: Coke (Coca Cola), cars, refrigerators

Proximity to inputs Bulk-reducing industries (inputs weigh more than the final product so factories will be located near the raw material) Examples: Copper Steel Figure 11-8

Proximity to markets Bulk-gaining industries (industries that gain volume or weight during production) Examples: Fabricated metals--cars Beverage production Figure Why Are Situation Factors Important?

Single-market manufacturers manufacturers work near the customers for just-in-time deliveries (ex.-deliver car parts just in time for assembly to avoid storage of bulky items) Usually have only 1-2 consumers for your factory’s production (ex.-TG parts go to Toyota in Georgetown) Perishable products Ex.-daily newspapers, bread/milk products

Ship, rail, truck, or air? The farther something is transported, the lower the cost per km/mile Cost decreases at different rates for each of the four modes Truck = most often for short-distance travel Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +) Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile Air = most expensive, but very fast Break of Bulk Point – location where transfer among transportation modes is possible Seaports and Airports (Baltimore and Louisville) Companies that use multiple transport modes locate at a break of bulk point (UPS)

Land Factories like rural areas b/c they have lots of room for 1-story buildings Labor The most important site factor Labor-intensive industries (when employee wages and benefit costs are high) Capital In California’s Silicon Valley-there is a continuation of money being lent from banks for good software ideas

Labor is the main site factor for why locations factors are changing Attraction of new industrial regions International shifts in industry East Asia South Asia Latin America Changing distributions Outsourcing

Just-in-time delivery Just-in-time delivery rather than keeping a large inventory of components or products, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed. Global division of labor corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different parts of production. (Footloose industry—can be produced anywhere b/c it’s light and cheap to ship)

Relative decline in industrial employment Automation and “runaway shops” ( an industrial plant moved by its owners from one location to another to escape union labor regulations or state laws) Reinvestment in higher profit areas Sunbelt states (non-union) Semi-periphery and Periphery

In the last 60 years, U. S. manufacturing has shifted from the NE toward the S and W In the S and W, right-to-work laws encouraged manufacturing by requiring factories to stop “closed- shop hiring” and unions so that factories could pay workers less and not have to deal with unions

Collapse of Manufacturing = Rust Belt Replaced in Boston, Pittsburgh by high-tech industries

In Europe, manufacturing has shifted to the S and E Internationally, from N. America and Europe to E Asia, S Asia, and Latin America (ex.-maquiladoras) 2 major industries shifting from MDCs: steel and clothing Jobs staying in MDCs: jobs for highly skilled workers International Division of Labor-transfers of jobs, esp. low paid, less skilled workers from MDCs to LDCs Outsourcing-turning over much of the responsibilities for production to independent suppliers; in vertical integration, company controls all phases of production

Creative destruction: the process of industrial transformation that accompanies radical innovation. So what…. – Deindustrialization in one location suggests that growth is occurring in a separate location Capital is not destroyed, it is displaced. Joseph Schumpeter – the Father of Creative Destruction President Reagan – also liked the idea !

Movement of jobs and people to the Sunbelt