From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition Chapter 4: Rodent Behavioral Learning Memory Models From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.

Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron

Of Mice and Rats Blue Box 1

Open Field Apparatus Figure 1

Open Field Behavior A B C Figure 2

Elevated Plus Maze Figure 3

Roto Rod Figure 4

Rotating Rod Behavior Figure 5

Acoustic Startle and Prepulse Inhibition Figure 6

Nociception Behavior Figure 7

Visual Cliff Figure 8

Fear Conditioning Chamber Figure 9

A. B. C. Variants of Fear Conditioning in Rodents Cue-plus-contextual Fear Conditioning CONTEXTUAL TEST TRAINING CUED TEST B. Context Alone Conditioning CONTEXTUAL TEST TRAINING C. Context Discrimination Train Test Context 1 Context 1 Context 2 Figure 10

Cued-Plus-Contextual Fear Conditioning Training Cued Contextual Figure 11

Contextual Fear Conditioning in Rats Figure 12

Passive Avoidance Paradigms Step-Through Passive Avoidance Step-Down Passive Avoidance Train Train Test: measure time to step through Test: measure time to step down Figure 13

Active Avoidance Shuttle Box Active Avoidance Test: Can the animal avoid the shock? Train Figure 13, continued

Passive Avoidance Data Figure 14

Bar Press Operant and/ or Conditioned Place Preference Figure 15

Eyeblink Conditioning in Rabbits Corneal Air Puff Elicits Eyeblink Response Tone Given Alone Elicits Eyeblink Response Corneal Air Puff Given with Tone Figure 16

Types of Mazes Figure 17 Lashley Maze 4 Arm Radial (Plus) Maze 8 Arm Radial Maze Finish Start Triangle Maze “T” Maze “Y” Maze Figure 17

The Morris Water Maze Distal Visual Cues Camera Platform Figure 18

Hidden Platform Probe Test Visible Platform Morris Water Maze – Experimental Results Hidden Platform 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Blocks of 4 trials Escape Latency (sec) A Probe Test B C Opposite Right Trained Left Opposite Right Trained Left 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 129/SvImJ Platform Crossings 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 1 Quadrant Search Time (%) Visible Platform 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Blocks of 4 trials Escape Latency (sec) D Figure 19

Path Tracking in the Probe Test Vehicle Subject #66 Path Length = 1154.2 cm A Subject #57 Path Length = 1278.2 cm 30 mg/kg SL327 B Figure 20

The Barnes Maze Figure 21 Escape Chamber Spatial Cues Search strategy A Search strategy B Figure 21

Conditioned Taste Aversion DAY 1 B 1.0 1st Exposure to Food Item 0.8 0.6 grams blueberry bar 0.4 Injection of LiCl or NaCl 0.2 DAY 2 0.0 LiCl NaCl Grams Ingested on 2nd Exposure (LiCl treated group compared to NaCl treated control) 2nd Exposure to Food Item Figure 22

(1st exposure compared to second exposure) Neophobia A DAY 1 DAY 2 1st Exposure to Food Item 2nd Exposure to Food Item 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1st intake 2nd intake grams blueberry bar B Grams Ingested (1st exposure compared to second exposure) Figure 23

Novel Object Recognition Figure 24

Memory Reconsolidation Figure 25

Four Types of Experiments The Four Basic Types of Experiments Four Types of Experiments Hypothesis: A→B→C Experiment Prediction • Determine • None (A makes C happen) • Block • Blocking B should block A causing C • Mimic • Activating B should cause C • Measure • A makes B happen Figure 26

Commonly Used in Rodents Behavioral Tests Commonly Used in Rodents Test Name Measurement Index Of: Open Field Analysis Distance Moved Over Time Activity Elevated Plus Maze Time Spent in Open Arms Anxiety Rotating-rod Time to Fall Off Coordination and Motor Learning Acoustic Startle Force of Jump Hearing Pre-pulse Inhibition Suppression of Startle Sensorimotor Gating Hot Plate Time to Lick Paw Nociception Hargreave’s Apparatus Time to Lift Paw Nociception Light-Dark Exploration Time in Lit Chamber Vision Visual Cliff Suppression of Movement Vision Fear Conditioning: Cued Freezing or Startle Auditory Associative Learning Fear Conditioning: Contextual Freezing or Startle Spatial Associative Learning Passive Avoidance Time Spent in Lit Chamber Spatial Associative Learning Active Avoidance Time Spent in Cued Chamber Operant Conditioning Lever Press Number of Bar Presses Operant Conditioning Conditioned Place Preference Time Spent in One Chamber Operant Conditioning Eye-blink Conditioning Blink in Response to Cue Associative Conditioning Simple Maze Learning Errors or Time to Completion Spatial Learning, Working Memory Morris Water Maze Quadrant Time, Platform Crossings Spatial Memory Barnes Maze Errors Spatial Memory Conditioned Taste Aversion Food or Taste Avoidance Taste Learning Novel Taste Learning Attenuation of Neophobia Taste Learning Novel Object Recognition Time Spent with Object Recognition Memory