Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

Pacific Ocean 400-1300, Polynesian peoples from Malay Peninsula go to: New Guinea, Melanesia, Easter Island, Hawaii, New Zealand Not accidental voyages but colonization

Polynesian Settlement

Easter Island

Indian Ocean Malay people settle Madagascar Rise of Islam gives Indian Ocean trade a boost. Networks of trade develop throughout area. Zheng He’s Indian Ocean voyages (reflection of Ming success)

Atlantic Ocean The Vikings: Northern European raiders attacked coastal European settlements for several centuries. Also settle Iceland 770, Greenland 982 and Newfoundland. Cold returns after 1200 sends these settlements into decline Some African voyages of exploration (Mali) Collapse

Viking Ship

European Expansion Iberian (Portugal and Spain) expansion overseas has several motives - religious (crusading), economic (the Italians had a much higher portion of Asian trade), and political (expand newly consolidated nations) – God, Glory, Gold Maritime technological advances make it possible (caravel and astrolabe) To this must be added individual ambitions and skill of Henry the Navigator

Portuguese draw on Crusading tradition Iberians (Portugal & Spain) take risks (they use from China- magnetic compass & from Greeks or Arabs - astrolabe) Portuguese draw on Crusading tradition Henry is head of Orders of Christ 1415 Ceuta, Morocco - can’t get to trans Saharan gold trade

Portuguese Caravel

Vasco Da Gama

Spain - not planning like Portugal, but lucky Too busy uniting realm, driving religious minorities out & conquering Muslims Columbus 1492 1513 Balboa Pacific 1522 Magellan circumnavigates globe sees Moluccas (Spice Islands) are Portuguese Lays basis for Spanish colonization of Philippines after 1564

Encounters with Europe Early Portuguese exchanges with Africans on Gold Coast beneficial to both sides Benin & Congo (two largest kingdoms) invite Portuguese. Try Christianity - like the guns but for Kongo weakness means monopoly on slave trade lost - both limit contacts with Portuguese. Slave trade goes further South

E. African leaders suspicious of Portuguese 1505 bombardment of Swahili coast justifies attitude Weakened Christian Ethiopia assaulted by African Muslim backed by Ottomans who conquered Egypt in 1517 Portuguese aid saves Ethiopia

India Da Gama makes little impression Portuguese intend to assert control over once open Indian Ocean - take Goa, Malacca Attempt to force tax & Portuguese transshiping. Emperors of China & Mughal India ignore this Ottomans attack - fails Portuguese never have complete control of Indian O., but domination of key ports & trade routes makes Portugal profit.

Americas Columbus to Hispaniola - 2nd trips slaughter, rape, loot, kill tens of thousands of Arawaks Horses, germs, body armor, steel sword, muskets Conquistadors - 1519 Cortes - Aztecs (Montezuma) Pizzaro - Incas - Atajualpa 1536 fall. 50 years after Columbus, Spanish dominance complete (not true in Asia and Africa). Forced labor, forced conversion & systems for administering conquered land developed in Reconquest Encomienda: Amerinidians divided among settlers and forced to provide labor or goods

Aztecs Hosting Cortes

Pizarro Seizing Inca