Small Group Discussion Questions What is slavery? When did slavery begin in America? How did slavery in the antebellum period differ from slavery in the early colonies? How did the cotton gin affect the Southern economy? What effect did this have on slavery?

These first 20 Africans were not made to be slaves by the Jamestown colonists – they became indentured servants, NOT slaves Unfortunately, the idea of slavery in Virginia evolved/grew gradually, beginning slowly & eventually leading to life long enslavement

Emancipation in the North

Cotton is measured in “BALES”

How many more BALES of cotton were produced in 1860 compared to 1800?

Where is cotton production thriving?

ENSLAVED-PERSON POPULATION COTTON PRODUCTION

 Northern Factories  European Markets

Day 2

Describe the images below: Who do you think they are? What are they doing? #1#2

Slavery not solely a matter of color…

"the [groups of slaves are] marched close to a fire previously kindled on the beach. Here marking-irons (aka branding-irons) are heated, and when an iron is sufficiently hot, it is quickly dipped in palm-oil, in order to prevent its sticking to the flesh. It is then applied to the ribs or hip, and sometimes even to the breast. Each slave- dealer uses his own mark, so that when the [slaves] arrive at their destination, it is [easy to tell] to whom those who died belonged" (Travels in Western Africa in 1845 & 1846 [London, 1847; reprinted London, 1968], vol. I, p. 143).

One of the slave's greatest fears was to be sold off and separated from loved ones. According to Mortimer Thomson, a newspaper correspondent who covered the Butler sale, "The expression on the faces of all who stepped on the block was always the same, and told of more anguish than it is in the power of words to express."

Slave Auction Notice, 1823

Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856 Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

"the [groups of slaves are] marched close to a fire previously kindled on the beach. Here marking-irons (aka branding-irons) are heated, and when an iron is sufficiently hot, it is quickly dipped in palm-oil, in order to prevent its sticking to the flesh. It is then applied to the ribs or hip, and sometimes even to the breast. Each slave- dealer uses his own mark, so that when the [slaves] arrive at their destination, it is [easy to tell] to whom those who died belonged" (Travels in Western Africa in 1845 & 1846 [London, 1847; reprinted London, 1968], vol. I, p. 143). This is a photo of a SLAVE PEN, located in Alexandria, Virginia. The photo shows a doorway with barred gate opening to courtyard, pens are visible to right. Two of the six pen doors are open. The domestic slave trade transported 100s of thousands of slaves from the upper south to the Cotton Kingdom – culminating in the internal sale & transportation of 250,000 enslaved people in 1860, from the upper south to the deep south where slave labor was in high demand.

This slave quarter complex was located on a plantation near Bunkie, Louisiana. In the background is a large sugar house. There is only a low wooden fence surrounding these slave quarters. "Negro family representing five generations on Smith's Plantation, Beaufort, S.C." A group portrait of ten slaves in front of the doorway to their quarters. Photograph by Timothy O'Sullivan.

Monticello reunion

Betty and Phoebe Kilby first met in February They are linked by a slave past.