Journal #31 States’ Rights – the belief that the federal government is limited by the Constitution and that states have the right to cancel any law the state considers unconstitutional Nepotism – the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends; especially by giving them jobs

Bonus Questions Who was the 5 th U.S. President? What did the 1 st Seminole War accomplish for the U.S.? This man, known as the Liberator, helped lead many Latin American countries gain their independence from Spain What did the Monroe Doctrine tell Europe to do in regards to newly formed Latin American countries? What was the Missouri Compromise?:

Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal 11.3 and 11.4

Quotes of the Day “It is a poor mind indeed which can't think of at least two ways to spell any word.” Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in. The brave man inattentive to his duty, is worth little more to his country than the coward who deserts in the hour of danger. Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson ( ) 7 th U.S. President ( ) “Old Hickory” – he was involved in many duels – some where he killed people His father died in an accident weeks before he was born Courier for the Patriots in the Revolutionary War – he HATED the British after he was cut and his mother and both brothers die He was a lawyer, politician, and rich slave-owner General who fought the British at the Battle of NO, the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and the Seminole in the 1 st Seminole War His followers created the Democratic Party that we have today – (he is responsible for the Democratic mascot) His wife died suddenly before he took office as president Known for his strict (cruel)enforcement of the Indian Removal Act

Jacksonian Democracy Jackson was considered much more in touch with the country His followers threw wild rallies for him He worked to expand voting rights to all white males Parties began holding nominating conventions, allowing more people to be involved in elections This expansion of voting rights during the 1820s and 1830s was called Jacksonian Democracy

Jackson’s Victory Jackson’s followers wanted to make sure the 1828 election couldn’t be stolen from him Jackson’ selects John C. Calhoun as his running mate They portray Jackson as a war hero who was born poor and rose to success with hard work They portray Adams as a cold, out of touch, Harvard educated son of a president Jackson wins with a record number of popular votes Some of his supporters are given government jobs – the spoils system - nepotism

Jackson’s Inauguration People saw Jackson’s victory as a win for the common people Jackson invites the public to his inauguration at the White House The party was wild and caused a large amount of property damage at the White House

Conflict over Tariffs There was a regional conflict over tariffs Northerners wanted high tariffs to protect their industries from foreign competition Southerners did not have industry, they got most of their goods from Britain – they did NOT want tariffs In 1828, under strong pressure from northern manufacturers, Congress passed a tariff with very high rates Southerners called the law of 1828 the Tariff of Abominations – another tariff is passed in 1832 and another in 1833 – this one was proposed by Henry Clay

Conflict over Tariffs Vice President John C. Calhoun and South Carolina led opposition to the tariffs between 1828 and 1832 He said that states had the right to nullify or cancel any federal law they considered unconstitutional States’ Rights The disputes between the federal and state governments was known as the nullification crisis

The Nullification Crisis of 1832 The South Carolina state legislature passed a law calling tariffs passed by the federal government “null and void” and threatened to withdraw from the Union – states’ rights John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president to support his home state Andrew Jackson was strongly against nullification – he threatened to invade South Carolina and hang Calhoun Eventually Congress lowers the tariff to solve the problem (compromise – the tariff of 1833) This is an example of the problems caused by the different economies of the North and South leading up to the Civil War North = industry (selling products) South = farming supported by slavery (selling crops but buying farm equipment)

Indian Removal 11.4

The Black Hawk War In 1827, the federal government ended years of conflict between American Indians and settlers in Illinois Officials ordered the removal of all Indians from the state Black Hawk and his followers ignored the policy, claiming that land could not be owned Black Hawk fights, but is forced to surrender in 1832 By 1850 all Indians living in the Northwest Territory had been removed

The Indian Removal Act President Jackson wanted to open land between Georgia and Mississippi to American settlers Indians had lived in this area for many, many years Congress passes the Indian Removal Act in 1830

Indian Removal

The Indian Removal Act This act authorized the removal of all American Indians living east of the Mississippi River Congress establishes Indian Territory as a new Indian homeland – it is present day Oklahoma Some argued that this plan was too lenient toward American Indians Congress creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs to oversee federal policy toward American Indians

The Choctaw Were the first Indians sent to Indian Territory by the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek 7.5 million acres of Choctaw land are given to Mississippi The Choctaw traveled to Indian Territory during the winter of – it was a disaster Officials did not provide enough food or supplies 25% of the Choctaw died of cold, disease, and starvation Because of what happened to the Choctaw, other Indians resisted removal – the government begins to forcibly remove Indians

The Cherokee Nation Many Cherokee Indians felt that they could resist conflict with whites (keep their land) by adopting white culture With this in mind, in the 1800s the Cherokee: Invite Christian missionaries to start English schools in their towns Sequoya develops a Cherokee writing system and they make their own newspaper written in both English and Cherokee The Cherokee create their own government and court system inspired by the U.S. Constitution – John Ross is elected chief The Cherokee own large plantations with slaves doing the work The adoption of white culture did not protect the Cherokee

Worcester v. Georgia In the late 1820s gold is found on Cherokee land in Georgia Their treaty rights are ignored by Americans moving onto their land The tribe sued the state in the Supreme Court case of Worcester v. Georgia saying that they are an independent nation The Supreme Court led by John Marshall agrees, calling Georgia’s actions illegal Andrew Jackson, “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.” With Jackson refusing to enforce the Supreme Court’s decision, many Cherokee see removal as unavoidable

The Trail of Tears In the spring of 1838, U.S. troops began to remove all Cherokee to Indian Territory After they were removed, Georgia took their businesses, plantations, and property They force the Cherokee on an 800 mile march from 1838 to 1839 known as the “Trail of Tears” 25% of the 18,000 Cherokee on the march died

The Second Seminole War The Seminole fought removal with armed resistance They were led by a warrior named Osceola The Seminole win many battles against U.S. forces fighting in the swamps of Florida Eventually Osceola is captured and dies – many Seminole are captured, removed and killed 1,500 U.S. soldiers die – after spending millions of dollars U.S. officials give up the fight Many Seminole still live in Florida today

The Election of 1836 Toward the end of his second term, some of Jackson’s opponents form the Whig Party They supported a weak president and strong legislature – they nominate 4 presidential candidates Martin Van Buren is the Democratic candidate for president - he wins thanks to support from Jackson People never liked Van Buren as much as they liked Jackson

The Panic of 1837 and the Election of Harrison Because of some of Jackson’s policies, the U.S. has a financial crisis in 1837 The Panic of 1837 – Van Buren is blamed “Martin Van Ruin” This hurt his re-election campaign in 1840 – William Henry Harrison, a Whig, wins the presidency becoming our 9 th president John Tyler is the vice-president “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” Harrison lives for one month after taking over as president – he dies of pneumonia