Updates to Chapter 3 of the Modelling and Mapping Manual and other activities Harry Harmens and Gina Mills (ICP Vegetation, CEH Bangor, UK) * Supported by Defra (UK), NERC (UK) & UNECE 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

27 th ICP Vegetation TFM, Paris  28 – 30 January 2014, Paris. Hosted by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), in collaboration with AgroParisTech, INRA, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN) and Université Paris-Est Creteil (UPEC)  84 experts from 22 countries attended the meeting  28 January: one-day ozone critical levels workshop to review current status and make recommendations for amendments to Chapter 3 of the Modelling and Mapping Manual: ‘Mapping critical levels for vegetation’. Discussion continued during TFM. 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Revisions main text Chapter 3 (1)  No changes to the existing critical levels  New references included where ozone response functions and supporting evidence for ozone critical levels have been published  Text related to integrated assessment modelling (Section ) updated: o New terminology for the simplified generic ozone flux – POD Y IAM will replace POD Y gen (POD Y = Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a flux threshold of Y nmol m -2 s -1 ) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

 For use in scenario analysis and optimisation runs within GAINS to provide indication of potential effects on wheat yield under non-limiting water availability  Two parameterisations flux model: 1) Northern & Central Europe, 2) Mediterrannean areas (as defined in the M&M Manual)  New POD 3 IAM – effect relationship for use in integrated assessment modelling at European scale only (for effects of ozone on wheat, 90 d exposure period)  Critical level: 8 mmol m -2 (representing 5% yield decline) Revisions main text Chapter 3 (2)

Revisions Annexes Chapter 3 Crops:  Parameterisations flux model for grapevine, maize, soybean and sunflower  Revised Mediterranean flux parameterisation for wheat (bread and durum wheat)  References to additional published flux models for local-scale application in the Mediterranean region for bean, barley and tomato Trees:  Parameterisation ozone flux model for poplar (Semi-)natural vegetation:  Reference to additional published flux model for local-scale application for Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Ozone & food security GP2005 GP CLE 2020GP CLE2030  Revised Gothenburg Protocol: Mean yield loss* (%) for 27+NO+CH: 12.4% for GP2005, 10.3% for GP CLE2020 * Generic crop flux model (IAM), assumes no water limitation Data included in Guidance Document for Environmental Improvements (ECE/EB.AIR/2013/8)  In 2000, ozone reduced wheat yield by 14%, loss of €3.2 billion in EU27+CH+NO (Mills and Harmens, 2011; full wheat flux model) Ozone and food security 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Faroe Islands Iceland Shetland Lewis Auchencorth Harwell ÉCLAIRE Mills, UK

Literature review ozone in ECLAIRE database  216 papers in the database  Seven categories of vegetation  Reduced to three broader categories for the purpose of analysis Crops Bog/fen/wetland Grassland Coniferous trees Deciduous trees Mixed trees Other Crops Trees Other veg 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Crops – relative biomass: preliminary results  Meta analysis indicates a 25% to 45% decrease in plant biomass at a ozone daylight level of 100 ppb (relative to carbon-filtered air) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Other veg. – relative biomass: preliminary results 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Photosynthesis – preliminary results CROPS  Net photosynthetic rate: - Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone (cereals)  A sat (light-saturated rate of net photosynthesis): - Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone - Non-cereals more affected than cereals  V cmax (maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity): - Significant decline with increase in daylight ozone OTHER VEGETATION  No significant effects of ozone on photosynthesis (wide confidence intervals due to lack of data; only 3 papers) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Smart phone App. Recording incidences of leaf ozone injury Smart-phone App. linked to ICP Vegetation web site Location on interactive map 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Smart phone App. set up Registration Level of experience Permission to use data Date and location Broad vegetation type & species (crops, trees, grassland, heathland, wetland & coastal) Upload photos Symptoms of ozone injury Evidence of other injury Weather Ozone pollution (if known) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Ozone injury brochure

With contributions from:  CCE (critical loads data & maps)  EMEP/MSC-West (ozone flux and concentration)  EMEP/MSC-East (HM and POPs data and maps)  SEI-York (South-East Asia) EECCA/SEE and South-East Asia report

EMEP monitoring stations  Lack of stations in SEE and EECCA region  Also true for effects monitoring

Nitrogen CLoad exceedance 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome  N Cload exceedance generally higher in Western & Central Europe  Improvements generally lower in EECCA countries

Risk of ozone damage to forests Concentration-basedFlux-based  South-East Europe at highest risk * Flux-based: assumes no water limitation 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

CdPbHg Modelled deposition and CLoad exceedance

 Coordination European Moss Survey transferred to the Russian Federation: Marina Frontasyeva, JINR, Dubna: Extending participation EECCA countries  Next European moss survey in 2015/16 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome European moss survey

Annual activities:  Report on supporting evidence for ozone impacts on vegetation  Report on progress with the moss survey 2015/2016  Contributions to common workplan items of the WGE 2015:  Report on implications of rising background ozone for vegetation in Europe  Report on the interacting effects ozone and N and climatic stresses on vegetation Tentatively for 2016:  Report on field-based evidence of ozone impacts on vegetation  Report on ozone impacts on biodiversity  Ozone critical levels workshop Medium-term workplan (1) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome

Tentatively for 2017:  Report on revised ozone risk assessments methods  Revision of Chapter 3 of the Modelling and Mapping Manual  Final report of the European moss survey 2015/ th ICP Vegetation Task Force meeting, first week of February 2015, Rome Thank you for your attention! Medium-term workplan (2) 30 th ICP M&M TFM, 7-10 April 2014, Rome