Eastern Europe 600-1450 Byzantine Empire & Russia

Eastern Europe (Ch.9)

Map Exercise The Byzantine Empire under Justinian

The Byzantine Empire, 1000-1100

Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox

Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox Roman Emperor Constantine built Constantinople as capital in the 4th century Capital of Byzantine Empire after the Roman Empire split around 324CE (Middle Ages) After the fall of the western empire in 476 CE; the Eastern Roman Empire [Romania] lasted until 1453 by Ottoman Culture: Hellenism Greek eventually became the empire’s official language Lacked Innovative literary forms Large and wealthy merchant class, but it never gained significant political power because of the bureaucracy Luxury products, such as silk, cloth and carpets

Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox Justinian I (450-527) Justinian Dynasty (518-602) Contributions: Re-conquered most of the old Western Roman Empire Brilliant general Belisarius Rebuilt Constantinople Hagia Sophia Codification the Roman legal code (His Greatest Historical Achievement) Updated by later emperors, helped spread its legal principles to various parts of Europe Justinian successors were able to hold off Arab & Bulgaria (Bulgars) invaders, but the empire’s size & strength was greatly reduced Expansion during Justinian's reign

New Weapon : “Greek Fire” Ancient “Napalm”: Petroleum, Quicklime, and Sulfur mixture

Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox Byzantine political system: Emperor was held to be ordained by God Head of the Church, Head of State Women could serve as emperor Empress Irene (r. 797-802) Zoe & Theodora (1028-1050 CE) Elaborate bureaucracy (Byzantine) Organized the empire militarily, socially, and economically Cultural life blended Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity

Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox The Bulgar-slayer Sophisticated bureaucracy Open to all classes Provincial governors Government Economic Control Regulation of food prices & trade Large peasant class – supplying goods Large tax revenues Trade networks Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, & Africa Silk production increased Techniques & silkworms originally China Large merchant class never gained power Arts Distinct Byzantine style rich colored icon mosaics of religious figures and leaders Creativity in architecture Roman domed buildings Basil II Hellenism

Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox Great Schism (East-West Schism) In 1054, the Catholic church of the west and the Orthodox Church of the East agreed to split (Mutual excommunication): List of disagreements: Filioque Cause- Trinity (Rome modified Nicene Creed without Eastern approval) Pope Authority over all four Eastern patriarchs/ Jurisdiction Differences Eastern Orthodox Divine Liturgy and Catholic Mass (Unleavened bread, with or w/o yeast) Celibacy among Western priests

Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox 400 years of decline following the Schism and the Battle of Manzikert: Seljuk Turks –Took most of the Asian provinces: 1071, Battle of Manzikert, Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV was defeated by Great Seljuq Alp Arslan (Stepped on his neck!) Slavic states emerge Appeal to West brings crusaders 1204, Greedy Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople instead of Holy Land! Ottoman Turks 1453, Constantinople taken By 1461 the empire was gone The Byzantine Empire 1000-1100

Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe The Emergence of Kievan Rus' Started along the trade route between Scandinavia & Constantinople Slavs from Asia migrated north along Dnieper River Iron working, extended Better than west until 11oos! Agriculture, rich soils of the Ukraine & Western Russia Mix with earlier populations Family tribes, villages Folk music & oral legends Regional Kingdoms Animistic 6th & 7th centuries Scandinavian merchants Trade between Byzantines and the North East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion, c. 1000

Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe Influence conquest, conversion, & trade: 864, Saints Cyril & Methodius Missionaries to Slavs Invented Cyrillic script Slavic alphabet Increased literacy in the Balkans Allowed Slavs to use of their language/literature religiously The East Central Borderlands Competition from Catholics (Latin Alphabet/speech) and Orthodox Greeks Czechs, Hungary, Poland Catholics prevailed throughout Regional monarchies prevail Kingdoms in Poland, Bohemia, & Lithuania more territory than west… Active area for trade & industry Jews fleeing intolerance in western Europe Stressed education & literacy

Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe 855 CE Monarchy under Rurik (Legend) Center at Kiev Prosperous trading center Vladimir I (980-1015) Converts to Orthodoxy around 1000 CE Mass Baptisms & forced conversions Controls church (Start of the Russian Orthodox Church) Yaroslav issued unifying code of laws (Byzantine Example) Known as Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus‘ (Russian) Orthodox influence Built more ornate churches, Icons & incense , Monogamy, & Monasticism Influenced by Byzantine patterns Bureaucracy & Education not as developed Art, literature dominated by religion & royalty Used the Cyrillic alphabet, Free farmers were predominant But there was a aristocratic landlord class: Boyars, Lords less powerful than in the West

Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe Kievan Decline Decline from 12th century Rival princes & governments Succession struggles Main trading partner also in decline … Mongols (Tartars) 13th century, take territory & usher in new period The End of an Era in Eastern Europe Two centuries of rule: Disrupted social structure East and West further separated Placed in a disadvantage politically, economically, & cultural sophistication, Traditional culture survived Continuity church & aristocratic class

Differences Between East West Europe Produced different versions of Christianity Orthodox Church Roman Catholic Church Culturally Different Hellenism Mixed until later Western Culture Organizationally separate Theocracy Feudalism Difference in the military organization Byzantine recruited armies from the Middle East. Western Roman empires home gown